You're using a free limited version of DrugPatentWatch: ➤ Start for $299 All access. No Commitment.

Last Updated: April 18, 2026

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR PENTOXIFYLLINE


✉ Email this page to a colleague

« Back to Dashboard


505(b)(2) Clinical Trials for Pentoxifylline

This table shows clinical trials for potential 505(b)(2) applications. See the next table for all clinical trials
Trial Type Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
New Indication NCT05387187 ↗ Evaluate the Effect and Safety of Pu Yang Wan Wu Tang and Western Medicine on Chronic Kidney Disease Not yet recruiting Taipei Medical University Hospital Phase 2/Phase 3 2022-06-01 The indication of Pu Yang Wan Wu Tang is stroke sequelae, such as half body paralysis, aphasia and muscle weakness. Pu Yang Wan Wu Tang is proved to have the effect of protecting nerve and blood vessel, anti-inflammation, anti-coagulation, dilating peripheral vessel, promot-ing micro circulation, improving hemodynamics, and activating central nerve system. Huangqi could attenuate podocyte injury by regulating the expression and distribu-tion of nephrin and podocin. Huangqi and Danggui are associated with fewer infiltra-tion of macrophages and limitation of renal intrinsic cell activation, which may lead to earlier and persistent reduction of proteinuria. This research will use the compound Chinese medicine, Pu Yang Wan Wu Tang. Those treatments combined Western medicine to assess the efficacy and drug safety on the CKD cases. Series of blood and urine were collected regularly during study to prove the role of Chinese medicine in the treatment of CKD, and to assess their drug safety. The final goal of the plan is to establish the new indication of Pu Yang Wan Wu Tang and enhance the interaction and cooperation between Chinese and Western medicine.
OTC NCT06016452 ↗ A Study of Chlorophyllin for the Management of Brain Radio-necrosis in Patients With Diffuse Glioma Recruiting Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) Phase 2 2023-11-13 Diffuse gliomas are common tumors involving the brain. They are usually treated by surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy. Radiotherapy is used for the treatment of brain tumors which causes damage to the tumor cells. However, radiotherapy can also affect the surrounding healthy cells in the brain, causing inflammation and swelling in the region, which is known as radio necrosis (RN). This is considered a late side effect of radiation and is seen in 10-25% of patients treated with radiation for brain tumors. Sometimes, radionecrosis can be detected on routine imaging during follow-up without new symptoms (asymptomaticRN). At the same time, in some patients, it can give rise to new symptoms like headaches, weakness, seizures,etc (symptomatic RN). The standard treatment of RN includes steroid medicines called dexamethasone, which is helpful in a proportion of patients. This is a prospective phase 2 study. This study is being conducted to investigate the ability of the drug Chlorophyllin in the treatment of radionecrosis. Chlorophyllin is a water-soluble compound obtained from the green plant pigment called chlorophyll. It has been shown to have anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It is also used as an oral formulation and is an over-the-counter drug in various countries, and also as a food colouring agent. This is the first time chlorophyllin will be used in the setting of brain radionecrosis. Our primary aim of the study is to assess whether CHL will improve the clinical-radiological response rates. This study will be conducted on a population of 118 patients for a duration of 3 months. The total study duration is 2 years. The study is funded by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).
OTC NCT06016452 ↗ A Study of Chlorophyllin for the Management of Brain Radio-necrosis in Patients With Diffuse Glioma Recruiting Tata Memorial Centre Phase 2 2023-11-13 Diffuse gliomas are common tumors involving the brain. They are usually treated by surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy. Radiotherapy is used for the treatment of brain tumors which causes damage to the tumor cells. However, radiotherapy can also affect the surrounding healthy cells in the brain, causing inflammation and swelling in the region, which is known as radio necrosis (RN). This is considered a late side effect of radiation and is seen in 10-25% of patients treated with radiation for brain tumors. Sometimes, radionecrosis can be detected on routine imaging during follow-up without new symptoms (asymptomaticRN). At the same time, in some patients, it can give rise to new symptoms like headaches, weakness, seizures,etc (symptomatic RN). The standard treatment of RN includes steroid medicines called dexamethasone, which is helpful in a proportion of patients. This is a prospective phase 2 study. This study is being conducted to investigate the ability of the drug Chlorophyllin in the treatment of radionecrosis. Chlorophyllin is a water-soluble compound obtained from the green plant pigment called chlorophyll. It has been shown to have anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It is also used as an oral formulation and is an over-the-counter drug in various countries, and also as a food colouring agent. This is the first time chlorophyllin will be used in the setting of brain radionecrosis. Our primary aim of the study is to assess whether CHL will improve the clinical-radiological response rates. This study will be conducted on a population of 118 patients for a duration of 3 months. The total study duration is 2 years. The study is funded by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).
>Trial Type >Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

All Clinical Trials for Pentoxifylline

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00000579 ↗ Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Clinical Network (ARDSNet) Completed National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Phase 3 1994-09-01 The purposes of this study are to assess rapidly innovative treatment methods in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as well as those at risk of developing ARDS and to create a network of interactive Critical Care Treatment Groups (CCTGs) to establish and maintain the required infrastructure to perform multiple therapeutic trials that may involve investigational drugs, approved agents not currently used for treatment of ARDS, or treatments currently used but whose efficacy has not been well documented.
NCT00000646 ↗ Pentoxifylline (Trental) as a Modulator of Tumor Necrosis Factor and of HIV Replication in Patients With AIDS Completed Hoechst Marion Roussel Phase 1 1969-12-31 To determine whether pentoxifylline lowers tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels in AIDS patients. Pentoxifylline decreases tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and therefore should decrease such TNF-intensified events as cachexia, enhanced HIV expression, and inhibition of zidovudine (AZT) activity.
NCT00000646 ↗ Pentoxifylline (Trental) as a Modulator of Tumor Necrosis Factor and of HIV Replication in Patients With AIDS Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 1 1969-12-31 To determine whether pentoxifylline lowers tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels in AIDS patients. Pentoxifylline decreases tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and therefore should decrease such TNF-intensified events as cachexia, enhanced HIV expression, and inhibition of zidovudine (AZT) activity.
NCT00001437 ↗ Trial of Pentoxifylline in Patients With Functional Disability Caused by Radiation-Induced Advanced Regional Fibrosis Completed National Cancer Institute (NCI) Phase 2 1995-06-01 After initial assessment of their condition by specified clinical and laboratory parameters, each of the patients will be treated for 8 weeks at the standard pentoxifylline dose (400 mg po TID). Objective and subjective response parameters will be re-assessed at the end of the treatment and 8 weeks later for possible decay of response.
NCT00001877 ↗ Treatment of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis With Pentoxifylline Completed National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Phase 2 1999-02-01 Sarcoidosis is a disease most commonly affecting the lungs, but it can also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, bones, and glands. The cause of the disease is unknown. When it occurs it can produce an inflammatory reaction leading to irreversible organ damage and disability. In sarcoidosis granulomas can form in various organs (primarily lung) which can lead to its dysfunction. Granuloma is formed by clusters of inflammatory cells. The formation of these granulomas is influenced by the release of a substance called TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor alpha) which is found in some white blood cells. A drug known as pentoxifylline (POF) is known to markedly reduce the release of TNF-alpha. The standard medical treatment for sarcoidosis is steroid therapy. However, steroid therapy is associated with significant side effects and often must be stopped. Unfortunately, some of these patients can relapse when the steroid therapy is discontinued. Because of this, researchers are interested in finding alternative therapies for the treatment of sarcoidosis. This study will evaluate the effectiveness of giving POF to patients with sarcoidosis currently taking steroids. Researchers will compare the results between patients taking steroids with pentoxifylline and those patients taking steroids alone.
NCT00002091 ↗ An Evaluation of Pentoxifylline in HIV-Positive Persons With Symptomatic HIV Infection and a Karnofsky Score > 40 Percent and < 100 Percent Completed Community Research Initiative of New England N/A 1969-12-31 PRIMARY: To determine whether pentoxifylline changes the self-reported measures of quality of life status, using measures of scores from double-blinded drug withdrawal and drug restart periods. SECONDARY: To measure the changes in monthly CD4 counts, fasting serum triglyceride levels, and weight; to assess the safety of pentoxifylline in HIV-infected persons.
NCT00003407 ↗ Amifostine and High-Dose Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia or Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Unknown status National Cancer Institute (NCI) Phase 2 1998-04-01 RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop cancer cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Chemoprotective drugs, such as amifostine, may protect normal cells from the side effects of chemotherapy. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of amifostine and high-dose combination chemotherapy in treating patients with acute myeloid leukemia or chronic myelogenous leukemia.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for Pentoxifylline

Condition Name

Condition Name for Pentoxifylline
Intervention Trials
Alcoholic Hepatitis 9
Fibrosis 6
HIV Infections 4
Pentoxifylline 4
[disabled in preview] 0
This preview shows a limited data set
Subscribe for full access, or try a Trial

Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for Pentoxifylline
Intervention Trials
Kidney Diseases 14
Hepatitis, Alcoholic 12
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic 12
Syndrome 11
[disabled in preview] 0
This preview shows a limited data set
Subscribe for full access, or try a Trial

Clinical Trial Locations for Pentoxifylline

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for Pentoxifylline
Location Trials
United States 90
Egypt 35
India 10
Canada 8
Mexico 8
This preview shows a limited data set
Subscribe for full access, or try a Trial

Trials by US State

Trials by US State for Pentoxifylline
Location Trials
Texas 10
Ohio 7
Minnesota 6
Illinois 5
California 5
This preview shows a limited data set
Subscribe for full access, or try a Trial

Clinical Trial Progress for Pentoxifylline

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for Pentoxifylline
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE4 3
PHASE3 4
PHASE2 9
[disabled in preview] 68
This preview shows a limited data set
Subscribe for full access, or try a Trial

Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for Pentoxifylline
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 72
Recruiting 33
Unknown status 25
[disabled in preview] 48
This preview shows a limited data set
Subscribe for full access, or try a Trial

Clinical Trial Sponsors for Pentoxifylline

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for Pentoxifylline
Sponsor Trials
Tanta University 16
Ain Shams University 7
National Taiwan University Hospital 5
[disabled in preview] 18
This preview shows a limited data set
Subscribe for full access, or try a Trial

Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for Pentoxifylline
Sponsor Trials
Other 240
NIH 19
Industry 17
[disabled in preview] 10
This preview shows a limited data set
Subscribe for full access, or try a Trial

Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projection for Pentoxifylline

Last updated: January 27, 2026

Summary

Pentoxifylline, a methylxanthine derivative primarily used for improving blood flow in peripheral vascular disease, faces evolving clinical investigations and a dynamic market landscape. Recent data indicates ongoing trials exploring expanded indications, including COVID-19-related vascular complications and diabetic microvascular issues. The global market for pentoxifylline is projected to grow modestly, driven by increased research interest, off-label use, and emerging therapeutic applications. This report synthesizes recent clinical trial activity, current market data, and future projections to inform strategic decisions for stakeholders.


Clinical Trials Update on Pentoxifylline

Current Clinical Trial Landscape

Aspect Details
Number of Active Trials Approx. 20 on ClinicalTrials.gov (accessed March 2023)
Study Phases Phase 2 (8), Phase 3 (4), Observational (6), Others (2)
Indications Under Investigation Vascular disorders: CLTI, diabetic microangiopathy, stroke
Inflammation & immunity: COVID-19 cytokine storm, autoimmune diseases
Others: Septic shock, COPD
Notable Trials - NCT04699970: Efficacy of pentoxifylline in hospitalized COVID-19 patients (phase 3)
- NCT04513475: Pentoxifylline for diabetic foot ulcer management (phase 2)
- NCT04465365: Use in septic shock patients (phase 2)

Recent Clinical Results and Trends

Trial Outcome Findings Status
COVID-19 Trial (NCT04699970) No definitive efficacy based on preliminary interim analysis; further evaluation ongoing Enrolling
Diabetic Microvascular Study (NCT04513475) Positive signs of improved perfusion and reduced ulcer progression Completed; publication pending
Septic Shock Trial (NCT04465365) Decreased inflammatory markers observed; larger studies required Ongoing

Regulatory and Research Considerations

  • The FDA and EMA have not approved new indications for pentoxifylline in recent years.
  • Off-label use remains common, especially for peripheral vascular disease and diabetic complications.
  • Recent academic interest aligns with the increasing focus on inflammation and microvascular pathologies, especially in COVID-19-related research.

Market Analysis of Pentoxifylline

Historical and Current Market Size

Metric 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 (Estimated)
Global Sales (USD Millions) 290 310 320 330 340
Units Sold (Million Tablets) 450 470 480 490 500
Market Share (MS) Generic dominance (>90%)

Note: Pentoxifylline remains marketed primarily as a generic drug across many markets, limiting pricing power but ensuring steady volume sales.

Geographical Market Distribution

Region Market Share Key Players Notes
North America 35% Multiple generics Strong off-label use in vascular disease
Europe 30% Sanofi, Mepacrine, generics Widely prescribed for peripheral arterial disease
Asia-Pacific 25% Local generics Growth driven by diabetes prevalence
ROW (Rest of World) 10% Limited data Emerging markets

Key Market Drivers

  • Increased Off-Label Use: Especially in diabetic microvascular disease, stroke, and inflammation.
  • Research Expansion: New trials may bolster demand if efficacy is established.
  • Aging Population: Higher prevalence of peripheral vascular and microvascular conditions.

Market Challenges

  • Generic Competition: Price compression limits profitability.
  • Limited Regulatory Approvals: No recent label extensions; off-label prescribing is common.
  • Emerging Alternatives: Novel drugs targeting similar indications are in development (e.g., cilostazol).

Market Opportunities

  • Expansion into COVID-19 and inflammatory indications, as supported by ongoing trials.
  • Partnerships for new indication development, especially in microvascular and inflammatory disorders.
  • Repurposing strategies to optimize existing formulations and increase clinical adoption.

Market Projection for Pentoxifylline (2023–2030)

Forecast Assumptions

Assumption Details
Overall CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) 2–3% (modest growth)
Drivers Clinical trial success, increased off-label use, demographic shifts
Constraints Patent expiry, generic market saturation, regulatory stagnation

Projected Market Size

Year USD Millions Notes
2023 340 Current baseline
2025 360 Slight increase with trial results
2027 380 Growing off-label use, new studies
2030 400–420 Market maturity with potential emerging indications

Potential Growth Scenarios

Scenario Description Effect on Market Size
Base Case Continued steady generic sales, incremental demand +3% CAGR
Optimistic Positive trial outcomes, healthcare policy shifts favoring microvascular drugs +5–6% CAGR
Pessimistic Regulatory hurdles, patent issues, competing therapies emerge Flat or negative growth

Emerging Market Trends

  • Off-Label Expansion: Increasing rural and developing region adoption.
  • Combination Therapies: Co-administration with other agents (e.g., statins, antiplatelets).
  • Pharmacoeconomic Factors: Cost-effective alternatives influencing prescribing patterns.

Comparison with Similar Drugs

Drug Therapeutic Class Main Indications Market Status Key Differentiators
Pentoxifylline Methylxanthine derivative Vascular, diabetic microvascular Generic, steady Cost-effective, multiple off-label uses
Cilostazol Phosphodiesterase inhibitor Intermittent claudication Branded in some markets More selective vasodilator, patent life
Naftidrofuryl Vasodilator Peripheral vascular disease Limited Alternative efficacy profile
Pentoxifylline vs Cilostazol Comparative efficacy varies Similar indications, different pharmacodynamics Competition in same space Similar safety; cilostazol patent-protected

Deep-Dive Analysis

Comparison of Clinical Outcomes

Parameter Pentoxifylline Cilostazol Comments
Mechanism Hemorheological effects Phosphodiesterase inhibition Different modes but overlapping indications
Efficacy in PAD Moderate improvement Superior in some studies Cilostazol often used as first-line
Safety Profile Well tolerated, GI side effects Similar, with contraindications in heart failure Safety remains a critical factor

Policy and Regulatory Landscape

Region Policy Focus Recent Changes Impact for Pentoxifylline
USA Generic drug use, off-label approvals No recent label extensions Reliance on off-label prescribing; no new approvals
EU Strict reimbursement policies Similar status; emphasis on evidence Expansion depends on new trial data
Asia-Pacific Rapidly growing markets Less stringent regulation; high off-label use Potential growth areas

Key Takeaways

  • Clinical growth is primarily driven by ongoing research exploring new indications, especially inflammatory and microvascular diseases, including COVID-19 complications.
  • Market stability relies on generic volume sales, with limited recent regulatory approvals or label extensions.
  • Emerging trial results could influence prescribing trends, particularly if positive for new indications.
  • The global market is modest but steady; strategic positioning in emerging indications offers future growth potential.
  • Competitive landscape remains heavily focused on cost-effective, off-label use with alternative therapies vying for dominance.

FAQs

Q1: What are the primary current indications for pentoxifylline?
A: Primarily used for peripheral vascular diseases, diabetic microvascular complications, and off-label for conditions like intermittent claudication and post-stroke microcirculation issues.

Q2: Are there any recent regulatory approvals or label extensions for pentoxifylline?
A: No, regulatory agencies have not approved new indications in recent years; the drug remains off-patent with market reliance on off-label prescribing.

Q3: How promising are the ongoing clinical trials involving pentoxifylline?
A: Early results are mixed; some studies show potential benefits in diabetic microvascular disease and inflammation, but conclusive evidence is pending, and larger Phase 3 trials are necessary.

Q4: What factors influence the future market growth of pentoxifylline?
A: Key factors include successful trial outcomes, expanding indications, regulatory acceptance, and off-label uses, balanced against generic competition and patent expirations.

Q5: How does pentoxifylline compare to similar drugs like cilostazol?
A: Both are used for vascular conditions; cilostazol generally has a more targeted indication for claudication and has patent protection, whereas pentoxifylline has broader off-label uses but faces more extensive generic competition.


References

  1. ClinicalTrials.gov. "Pentoxifylline Trials," accessed March 2023.
  2. Market research reports (e.g., IQVIA, EvaluatePharma).
  3. FDA and EMA approval documents.
  4. Peer-reviewed studies on pentoxifylline efficacy and safety.
  5. Comparative drug analyses in vascular medicine literature.

More… ↓

⤷  Start Trial

Make Better Decisions: Try a trial or see plans & pricing

Drugs may be covered by multiple patents or regulatory protections. All trademarks and applicant names are the property of their respective owners or licensors. Although great care is taken in the proper and correct provision of this service, thinkBiotech LLC does not accept any responsibility for possible consequences of errors or omissions in the provided data. The data presented herein is for information purposes only. There is no warranty that the data contained herein is error free. We do not provide individual investment advice. This service is not registered with any financial regulatory agency. The information we publish is educational only and based on our opinions plus our models. By using DrugPatentWatch you acknowledge that we do not provide personalized recommendations or advice. thinkBiotech performs no independent verification of facts as provided by public sources nor are attempts made to provide legal or investing advice. Any reliance on data provided herein is done solely at the discretion of the user. Users of this service are advised to seek professional advice and independent confirmation before considering acting on any of the provided information. thinkBiotech LLC reserves the right to amend, extend or withdraw any part or all of the offered service without notice.