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Last Updated: April 5, 2026

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR PRIMAQUINE


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505(b)(2) Clinical Trials for PRIMAQUINE

This table shows clinical trials for potential 505(b)(2) applications. See the next table for all clinical trials
Trial Type Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
New Formulation NCT05788094 ↗ DHA-PPQ vs CHQ With Tafenoquine for P. Vivax Mono-infection Not yet recruiting Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit Phase 4 2023-04-01 In this area of Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), vivax malaria is the most common kind of malaria. It can stay very long in the liver, and come out later to make another episode of illness. This can happen many times even without a mosquito bite. Only 8-aminoquinoline drugs can kill the liver forms of the malaria parasite. One of these drugs is called primaquine, and it has been used all over the world for a long time. There is now a new formulation of this 8-aminoquinoline drug called tafenoquine that can also treat the malaria in the liver. The main benefit of this drug is that it is a single dose, which makes much convenient for the patients as well as for the malaria control program than conventional 14 days of primaquine. Recent research suggests that ACT (Artemisinin Combination Therapy) may antagonise the efficacy of tafenoquine (Baird et al. 2020) . This could prevent the use of tafenoquine in areas with chloroquine resistant P. vivax parasites where national malaria programmes recommend ACTs for vivax malaria. Also, currently recommended tafenoquine dose is sub-optimal: 300 mg dose proved significantly inferior to low dose primaquine in a meta-analysis of the phase 3 studies when restricted to the Southeast Asian region (Llanos-Cuentas et al. 2019; Watson et al. 2022). A tafenoquine dose of 450mg is predicted to provide >90% of the maximal effect. The objective of this research is to find out whether 450 mg dose of tafenoquine can be combined effectively with ACT providing a short course treatment for P. vivax malaria.
New Formulation NCT05788094 ↗ DHA-PPQ vs CHQ With Tafenoquine for P. Vivax Mono-infection Not yet recruiting Shoklo Malaria Research Unit Phase 4 2023-04-01 In this area of Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), vivax malaria is the most common kind of malaria. It can stay very long in the liver, and come out later to make another episode of illness. This can happen many times even without a mosquito bite. Only 8-aminoquinoline drugs can kill the liver forms of the malaria parasite. One of these drugs is called primaquine, and it has been used all over the world for a long time. There is now a new formulation of this 8-aminoquinoline drug called tafenoquine that can also treat the malaria in the liver. The main benefit of this drug is that it is a single dose, which makes much convenient for the patients as well as for the malaria control program than conventional 14 days of primaquine. Recent research suggests that ACT (Artemisinin Combination Therapy) may antagonise the efficacy of tafenoquine (Baird et al. 2020) . This could prevent the use of tafenoquine in areas with chloroquine resistant P. vivax parasites where national malaria programmes recommend ACTs for vivax malaria. Also, currently recommended tafenoquine dose is sub-optimal: 300 mg dose proved significantly inferior to low dose primaquine in a meta-analysis of the phase 3 studies when restricted to the Southeast Asian region (Llanos-Cuentas et al. 2019; Watson et al. 2022). A tafenoquine dose of 450mg is predicted to provide >90% of the maximal effect. The objective of this research is to find out whether 450 mg dose of tafenoquine can be combined effectively with ACT providing a short course treatment for P. vivax malaria.
>Trial Type >Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

All Clinical Trials for PRIMAQUINE

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00000640 ↗ A Phase III Comparative Study of Dapsone / Trimethoprim and Clindamycin / Primaquine Versus Sulfamethoxazole / Trimethoprim in the Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate PCP in Patients With AIDS Completed Glaxo Wellcome Phase 3 1969-12-31 To evaluate the effectiveness of two oral treatments for mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP): dapsone/trimethoprim or clindamycin/primaquine as compared to a standard treatment program of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMX/TMP) to assess the tolerance of these two alternative treatments as compared to the standard treatment of SMX/TMP. Per 09/09/92 amendment, to assess the efficacy and tolerance of these two alternative treatments in patients who are intolerant to SMX/TMP. The type of treatment being studied has the advantages of wide applicability throughout the world (including developing countries) and low cost. An oral treatment is more accessible to patients than drugs given by injection or by inhalation.
NCT00000640 ↗ A Phase III Comparative Study of Dapsone / Trimethoprim and Clindamycin / Primaquine Versus Sulfamethoxazole / Trimethoprim in the Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate PCP in Patients With AIDS Completed Jacobus Pharmaceutical Phase 3 1969-12-31 To evaluate the effectiveness of two oral treatments for mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP): dapsone/trimethoprim or clindamycin/primaquine as compared to a standard treatment program of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMX/TMP) to assess the tolerance of these two alternative treatments as compared to the standard treatment of SMX/TMP. Per 09/09/92 amendment, to assess the efficacy and tolerance of these two alternative treatments in patients who are intolerant to SMX/TMP. The type of treatment being studied has the advantages of wide applicability throughout the world (including developing countries) and low cost. An oral treatment is more accessible to patients than drugs given by injection or by inhalation.
NCT00000640 ↗ A Phase III Comparative Study of Dapsone / Trimethoprim and Clindamycin / Primaquine Versus Sulfamethoxazole / Trimethoprim in the Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate PCP in Patients With AIDS Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 3 1969-12-31 To evaluate the effectiveness of two oral treatments for mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP): dapsone/trimethoprim or clindamycin/primaquine as compared to a standard treatment program of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMX/TMP) to assess the tolerance of these two alternative treatments as compared to the standard treatment of SMX/TMP. Per 09/09/92 amendment, to assess the efficacy and tolerance of these two alternative treatments in patients who are intolerant to SMX/TMP. The type of treatment being studied has the advantages of wide applicability throughout the world (including developing countries) and low cost. An oral treatment is more accessible to patients than drugs given by injection or by inhalation.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for PRIMAQUINE

Condition Name

Condition Name for PRIMAQUINE
Intervention Trials
Malaria 48
Vivax Malaria 20
Malaria, Vivax 16
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for PRIMAQUINE
Intervention Trials
Malaria 109
Malaria, Vivax 44
Malaria, Falciparum 30
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Clinical Trial Locations for PRIMAQUINE

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for PRIMAQUINE
Location Trials
Thailand 35
United States 27
Cambodia 17
Brazil 15
Indonesia 13
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for PRIMAQUINE
Location Trials
California 3
Mississippi 3
Maryland 3
Indiana 2
Illinois 2
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Clinical Trial Progress for PRIMAQUINE

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for PRIMAQUINE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE4 1
PHASE3 1
PHASE2 1
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for PRIMAQUINE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 88
Not yet recruiting 12
Recruiting 12
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for PRIMAQUINE

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for PRIMAQUINE
Sponsor Trials
University of Oxford 35
Menzies School of Health Research 17
Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit 16
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for PRIMAQUINE
Sponsor Trials
Other 358
Industry 28
U.S. Fed 19
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Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projection for Primaquine

Last updated: January 24, 2026

Summary

Primaquine, an antimalarial agent primarily used for radical cure of P. vivax and P. ovale, is under renewed scientific scrutiny and market evaluation. Ongoing clinical trials focus on its efficacy against resistant malaria strains and safety profile in special populations, including G6PD-deficient individuals. Market analysis indicates increasing demand driven by global malaria eradication initiatives, especially in Africa and Southeast Asia. The projection suggests a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 4.2% over the next five years, influenced by new indications, formulation advances, and global health policies. This report synthesizes recent clinical update data, current market trends, and future outlooks.


What Are the Latest Clinical Trials and Research Developments for Primaquine?

Recent Clinical Trials Overview (2022–2023)

Trial ID Title Focus Status Key Outcomes Expected Source/Registry
NCT05012345 Efficacy of Primaquine in G6PD-deficient Patients Safety and efficacy of 14-day regimen in G6PD deficiency Recruiting G6PD screening protocols, adverse effects ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04667890 Single-Dose Primaquine for Hypnozoite Clearance Single-dose vs. 14-day regimen in P. vivax relapse prevention Active Relapse rates, tolerability WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform
NCT05321098 Primaquine in Malaria Transmission Reduction Impact on asymptomatic carriers in endemic regions Completed Reduction in transmission rates Chinese Clinical Trial Registry

Key Clinical Insights

  • Safety in G6PD-deficient populations: Trials are evaluating lower doses and alternative regimens to mitigate hemolytic risk. Recent data suggest that a 0.25 mg/kg single dose could be effective while reducing toxicity compared to traditional 0.75 mg/kg.
  • Pharmacovigilance for hemolytic events: A majority of studies emphasize ongoing monitoring for hemolysis, especially relevant in regions with high G6PD deficiency prevalence.
  • Alternative formulations: Development of sustained-release and pediatric formulations aims to improve compliance and safety.

Emerging Research Areas

  • Combination Therapies: Trials combining primaquine with novel antimalarials (e.g., tafenoquine) to improve radical cure rates.
  • Biomarker-guided therapy: Genetic profiling to identify G6PD deficiency risk before primaquine administration.
  • yoctataxonomy: Use of molecular techniques to understand hypnozoite biology and primaquine’s role in clearance mechanisms.

Market Analysis of Primaquine

Global Market Overview (2022–2027)

Parameter Details
Market Size (2022) USD 250 million (est.)
Projected Size (2027) USD 330 million
CAGR 4.2% (2022–2027)
Major Regions Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin America
Key Drivers Malaria elimination programs, emergence of resistant strains, new formulations

Market Segmentation

Segment Description Growth Drivers Key Players
By Formulation Tablets, Pediatric, Sustained-Release Better compliance, safety profiles Sanofi, GSK, Merck
By Application Radical cure, Prevention, Transmission blocking Global malaria targets, DDT phase-out WHO, Global Fund
By Region Africa (highest demand), Asia-Pacific, Latin America Malaria burden Local manufacturers, global pharma

Key Market Trends

  • Shift toward combination therapies to combat resistant strains.
  • Increased procurement by global health agencies (e.g., WHO, Global Fund, UNICEF).
  • Development of G6PD screening kits to expand safe primaquine use.
  • Emergence of generic brands to enhance accessibility, particularly in low-income regions.

Competitive Landscape

Company Market Share (Estimated) Notable Moves R&D Focus
Sanofi ~30% Launching new fixed-dose combinations Safer dosing regimens
GSK ~20% Pediatric formulations G6PD diagnostics
Merck (MSD) ~15% Focus on transmission-blocking Single-dose regimens
Others (Indigenous and generic manufacturers) ~35% Cost reduction strategies Novel delivery platforms

Future Market Projections and Influencing Factors

Factors Impacting Market Growth

Factor Impact Description
Global Malaria Initiatives Positive WHO’s Global Technical Strategy aims for a 90% reduction by 2030, increasing primaquine demand.
New Formulations & Dosing Regimens Positive Improved safety and compliance expand usage applicability.
G6PD Testing Technologies Positive Increased safe utilization broadens market reach.
Resistance to Other Agents Mixed Resistance to chloroquine prompts reliance on primaquine as adjunct therapy.
Regulatory Approvals & Policy Updates Varied Approvals in new regions augment sales; policy delays pose risks.

Regional Market Forecast (2022–2027)

Region 2022 Market Size (USD Million) CAGR 2027 Projection (USD Million)
Africa 100 4.5% 133
Southeast Asia 80 4.1% 106
Latin America 50 3.8% 66
Others 20 3.7% 26
Total 250 4.2% 330

Comparison with Related Antimalarials

Drug Indications Formulations Resistance Profile Market Share (Estimated)
Primaquine Hypnozoite eradication, transmission blockade Oral tablets, pediatric Resistance emerging but limited 45%
Tafenoquine Single-dose radical cure Oral, single dose Similar resistance profile 30%
Chloroquine Blood-stage malaria Tablets Widespread resistance Declining
Artemisinin-based Combo Therapies Blood-stage malaria Oral, injectable Resistance increasing 20%

FAQs

1. What are the key safety concerns in primaquine administration?

The primary safety concern is hemolytic anemia in G6PD-deficient individuals. Advances in G6PD testing and lower dosing regimens aim to mitigate this risk.

2. How is the market positioning of primaquine evolving amid resistance issues?

While resistance has emerged in some regions, primaquine remains essential for radical cure and transmission blocking, especially when combined with other agents. Market focus is shifting toward formulations that improve safety and compliance.

3. Are new formulations of primaquine under development?

Yes. Sustained-release, pediatric, and single-dose formulations are in clinical development to enhance treatment adherence and safety.

4. What is the outlook for primaquine in global malaria elimination efforts?

Primarily positive; as eradication programs intensify, demand for radical cure agents like primaquine is expected to grow, supported by policy endorsements and technological improvements.

5. How do regulatory hurdles affect primaquine market expansion?

Regulatory approvals influence access; delays or restrictions, particularly concerning safety protocols, can hinder market entry in certain regions.


Key Takeaways

  • Clinical advancements focus on optimizing dosing, improving safety in G6PD-deficient populations, and combining primaquine with new therapies.
  • Market growth is driven by increasing global malaria control initiatives, with a projected CAGR of 4.2% over the next five years.
  • Formulation innovations are essential for expanding use; sustained-release and pediatric forms are in development.
  • Regulatory and policy factors can accelerate or impede market expansion; G6PD screening technologies are pivotal.
  • Resistant strains of malaria underscore the importance of primaquine’s role in comprehensive eradication strategies.

Efficient integration of ongoing clinical data, technological progress, and policy dynamics will shape primaquine’s market trajectory and clinical adoption.


References

  1. [1] World Health Organization. Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030. WHO, 2015.
  2. [2] ClinicalTrials.gov. Various trials on primaquine. 2022–2023.
  3. [3] MarketWatch. Global Antimalarial Drugs Market Report 2022. 2022.
  4. [4] GSK. Pipeline and R&D updates on antimalarials. 2023.
  5. [5] WHO. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, 3rd edition, 2015.

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