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Last Updated: January 1, 2026

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR GLUCAGON RECOMBINANT


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505(b)(2) Clinical Trials for Glucagon Recombinant

This table shows clinical trials for potential 505(b)(2) applications. See the next table for all clinical trials
Trial Type Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
New Combination NCT04520490 ↗ Brain Activation and Satiety in Children 2 Recruiting University of Washington Phase 3 2021-01-28 Childhood obesity and related long-term effects are serious public health problems, but not all children with obesity do well in treatment. This study will test a new combination of family-based behavioral treatment (FBT) with a drug intervention using a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) exenatide once weekly extended-release (ExQW, Bydureon®) in order to improve obesity intervention outcomes in 10-12-year-old children.
New Combination NCT04520490 ↗ Brain Activation and Satiety in Children 2 Recruiting Seattle Children's Hospital Phase 3 2021-01-28 Childhood obesity and related long-term effects are serious public health problems, but not all children with obesity do well in treatment. This study will test a new combination of family-based behavioral treatment (FBT) with a drug intervention using a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) exenatide once weekly extended-release (ExQW, Bydureon®) in order to improve obesity intervention outcomes in 10-12-year-old children.
New Formulation NCT05206149 ↗ Stimulation Test With Intranasal Glucagon for Corticotroph, Somatotroph and Antidiuretic Axes Completed Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Phase 4 2021-10-01 The diagnosis of secondary hypoadrenalism and GH deficiency (GHD) often requires the performance of a dynamic test. The glucagon stimulation test (GST) is one of the options for evaluating hypothalamic-pituitary function, representing a stimulus for both the corticotropic and somatotropic axis, substantially safe and easily available. The standard procedure involves the intramuscular injection of 1-1.5 mg of glucagon based on the patient's weight. In addition to its antero-pituitary function, glucagon has also shown its ability to stimulate neurohypophyseal secretion. Using the copeptin dosage, it has been shown that after the administration of glucagon in healthy subjects there is a significant release of ADH. However, the available data are scarse and there is no standardized protocol for the use of the glucagon test in diabetes insipidus. At the moment, GST is not the most frequently chosen diagnostic option. In fact, despite having the advantage of being able to investigate different areas of anterohypophyseal and probably posterohypophyseal function at the same time, the test has some disadvantages: the prolonged duration makes the procedure challenging, the intramuscular injection can be unwelcome, and many variables can come into play in the definition of a normal response (age, BMI, glycemic status). The recent introduction of a single-dose nasal powder formulation (Baqsimi®) could overcome some of the limitations of classic GST and make the procedure less demanding. To date, no assessments are yet available regarding a purely diagnostic role in the context of hypopituitarism of this new formulation. Through the knowledge of the physiological response of the adrenocortical, somatotropic and ADH axis to the administration of intranasal glucagon in healthy subjects, it will be possible to evaluate its possible application in the diagnosis of GH deficiency, central adrenal insufficiency and possibly diabetes insipidus.
>Trial Type >Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

All Clinical Trials for Glucagon Recombinant

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00005889 ↗ Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Who Are Receiving Nutrition By Intravenous Infusion Unknown status Baylor College of Medicine N/A 1999-10-01 RATIONALE: Very low birth weight infants have problems maintaining normal blood sugar levels. Gluconeogenesis is the production of sugar from amino acids and fats. The best combination of amino acids, fat, and sugar to help very low birth weigh infants maintain normal blood sugar levels is not yet known. PURPOSE: Clinical trial to study how very low birth weight infants break down amino acids, fat, and sugar given by intravenous infusion, and the effect of different combinations of nutrients on the infants' ability to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
NCT00005889 ↗ Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Who Are Receiving Nutrition By Intravenous Infusion Unknown status National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) N/A 1999-10-01 RATIONALE: Very low birth weight infants have problems maintaining normal blood sugar levels. Gluconeogenesis is the production of sugar from amino acids and fats. The best combination of amino acids, fat, and sugar to help very low birth weigh infants maintain normal blood sugar levels is not yet known. PURPOSE: Clinical trial to study how very low birth weight infants break down amino acids, fat, and sugar given by intravenous infusion, and the effect of different combinations of nutrients on the infants' ability to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
NCT00013910 ↗ NNC 90-1170 Mechanism of Action: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Single-Center, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study to Examine Beta-Cell Responsiveness to Graded Glucose Infusion in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Phase 1 1969-12-31 The purpose of this research study is to investigate the mechanism of action of a new investigational medication (drug), NNC 90-1170, which is being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (adult onset type of diabetes. NNC 90-1170 is a modified form of a hormone, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (or GLP-1), which is important for controlling insulin levels. Insulin, another hormone, is also important for controlling blood glucose levels, which are higher than normal in people who have type 2 diabetes. This study will measure the effect of NNC 90-1170, active investigational drug, to cause insulin to be released from the pancreas in response to increasing blood glucose concentrations. These results will be compared to that of a group of healthy volunteers of similar age and body weight who do not have diabetes. Also, various other hormones and substances that are known to control blood sugar will be measured in blood samples that will be drawn. One dose of NNC 90-1170 will be given to subjects with type 2 diabetes only in this study, and the effects of this dose will be compared to a placebo (inactive substance that looks like the active drug). This is a crossover study, which means that subjects will be treated both with NNC 90-1170 and with placebo. The order in which subjects will receive the treatments will be determined by chance (randomly). The study will be conducted as a so-called "double-blind" study, meaning that neither subjects nor study doctors will know the order in which subjects will be given each treatment until the study is over. The study will include approximately 15 healthy volunteers and 15 volunteers with type 2 diabetes, and it will be conducted at 1 clinic (the University of Michigan Health System) in the United States.
NCT00064714 ↗ Effect of AC2993 With or Without Immunosuppression on Beta Cell Function in Patients With Type I Diabetes Completed National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Phase 2 2003-07-01 This study will determine 1) the safety of AC2993 in patients with type I diabetes; 2) the ability of AC2993 to improve beta cell function; and 3) the effects of immunosuppression on beta cell function. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas. These cells produce insulin, which regulates blood sugar. AC2993 may improve the pancreas's ability to produce insulin and help control blood sugar, but it may also activate the original immune response that caused the diabetes. Thus, this study will examine the effects of AC2993 alone as well as in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. Patients between 18 and 60 years of age who have type I diabetes mellitus may be eligible for this 20-month study. They must have had diabetes for at least 5 years and require insulin treatment. Candidates will be screened with a questionnaire, followed by medical history and physical examination, blood and urine tests, a chest x-ray and skin test for tuberculosis, electrocardiogram (EKG), and arginine stimulated C-peptide test (see description below). Participants will undergo the following tests and procedures: Advanced screening phase: Participants undergo a diabetes education program, including instruction on frequent blood glucose monitoring, dietary education on counting carbohydrates, intensive insulin therapy, review of signs and symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), and potential treatment with glucagon shots. Patients must administer insulin via an insulin pump or take at least four injections per day including glargine (Lantus) insulin. 4-month run-in phase - Arginine-stimulated C-peptide test: This test measures the body's insulin production. The patient is injected with a liquid containing arginine, a normal constituent of food that increases insulin release from beta cells into the blood stream. After the injection, seven blood samples are collected over 10 minutes. - Mixed meal stimulated C-peptide test with acetaminophen: This test assesses the response of the beta cells to an ordinary meal and the time it takes for food to pass through the stomach. The patient drinks a food supplement and takes acetaminophen (Tylenol). Blood samples are then drawn through a catheter (plastic tube placed in a vein) every 30 minutes for 4 hours to measure levels of various hormones and the concentration of acetaminophen. - Euglycemic clamp: This test measures the body's level of insulin resistance by measuring the amount of glucose necessary to compensate for an increased insulin level while maintaining a prespecified blood glucose level.
NCT00064714 ↗ Effect of AC2993 With or Without Immunosuppression on Beta Cell Function in Patients With Type I Diabetes Completed AstraZeneca Phase 2 2003-07-01 This study will determine 1) the safety of AC2993 in patients with type I diabetes; 2) the ability of AC2993 to improve beta cell function; and 3) the effects of immunosuppression on beta cell function. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas. These cells produce insulin, which regulates blood sugar. AC2993 may improve the pancreas's ability to produce insulin and help control blood sugar, but it may also activate the original immune response that caused the diabetes. Thus, this study will examine the effects of AC2993 alone as well as in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. Patients between 18 and 60 years of age who have type I diabetes mellitus may be eligible for this 20-month study. They must have had diabetes for at least 5 years and require insulin treatment. Candidates will be screened with a questionnaire, followed by medical history and physical examination, blood and urine tests, a chest x-ray and skin test for tuberculosis, electrocardiogram (EKG), and arginine stimulated C-peptide test (see description below). Participants will undergo the following tests and procedures: Advanced screening phase: Participants undergo a diabetes education program, including instruction on frequent blood glucose monitoring, dietary education on counting carbohydrates, intensive insulin therapy, review of signs and symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), and potential treatment with glucagon shots. Patients must administer insulin via an insulin pump or take at least four injections per day including glargine (Lantus) insulin. 4-month run-in phase - Arginine-stimulated C-peptide test: This test measures the body's insulin production. The patient is injected with a liquid containing arginine, a normal constituent of food that increases insulin release from beta cells into the blood stream. After the injection, seven blood samples are collected over 10 minutes. - Mixed meal stimulated C-peptide test with acetaminophen: This test assesses the response of the beta cells to an ordinary meal and the time it takes for food to pass through the stomach. The patient drinks a food supplement and takes acetaminophen (Tylenol). Blood samples are then drawn through a catheter (plastic tube placed in a vein) every 30 minutes for 4 hours to measure levels of various hormones and the concentration of acetaminophen. - Euglycemic clamp: This test measures the body's level of insulin resistance by measuring the amount of glucose necessary to compensate for an increased insulin level while maintaining a prespecified blood glucose level.
NCT00081458 ↗ Safety and Efficacy Study of Teduglutide in Subjects With Short Bowel Syndrome Completed Shire Phase 3 2004-05-25 The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy, safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of teduglutide compared with placebo in subjects with parenteral nutrition (PN)-dependent short bowel syndrome (SBS).
NCT00084461 ↗ Romidepsin in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Terminated National Cancer Institute (NCI) Phase 2 2004-03-01 Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of romidepsin in treating patients who have locally advanced or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as romidepsin, work in different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for Glucagon Recombinant

Condition Name

Condition Name for Glucagon Recombinant
Intervention Trials
Type 2 Diabetes 101
Obesity 90
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 75
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 67
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for Glucagon Recombinant
Intervention Trials
Diabetes Mellitus 365
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 279
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 149
Hypoglycemia 81
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Clinical Trial Locations for Glucagon Recombinant

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for Glucagon Recombinant
Location Trials
United States 767
Denmark 111
China 89
Canada 69
Germany 50
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for Glucagon Recombinant
Location Trials
Texas 71
California 57
New York 43
Pennsylvania 36
Minnesota 35
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Clinical Trial Progress for Glucagon Recombinant

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for Glucagon Recombinant
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE4 30
PHASE3 13
PHASE2 24
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for Glucagon Recombinant
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 481
Recruiting 145
Unknown status 82
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for Glucagon Recombinant

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for Glucagon Recombinant
Sponsor Trials
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) 52
Novo Nordisk A/S 40
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen 33
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for Glucagon Recombinant
Sponsor Trials
Other 1111
Industry 348
NIH 91
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Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projection for Glucagon Recombinant

Last updated: October 30, 2025


Introduction

The landscape of emergency medical treatments continues to evolve with advances in biotechnology, particularly in the development of recombinant therapeutics. Glucagon Recombinant (Genetically engineered glucagon) has emerged as a promising contender in the management of severe hypoglycemia, beta-blocker overdose, and diagnostic procedures. This analysis provides a comprehensive update on clinical trial progress, evaluates the current market landscape, and projects future growth opportunities for Glucagon Recombinant.


Clinical Trials Update

Phase and Progression

As of 2023, Glucagon Recombinant has advanced through multiple clinical evaluation stages. Notably, Phase III trials are underway across the United States and Europe, assessing safety, efficacy, and dosage optimization. The trials investigate various routes of administration, including intranasal, intravenous, and subcutaneous delivery systems, aiming to address limitations linked to traditional glucagon formulations, such as stability and ease of use.

Key Trial Highlights

  • Enhanced Stability and Ease of Administration
    Recombinant technology has yielded a more stable formulation of glucagon, reducing reconstitution complexities. Recent trial data suggest high bioavailability comparable to native glucagon but with a user-friendly profile suitable for emergency settings.

  • Efficacy in Hypoglycemia Management
    Results from phase II trials (published in Diabetes Care [2]) demonstrated rapid reversal of hypoglycemia with sustained glucose levels, comparable to injectable native glucagon but with improved formulation stability.

  • Beta-Blocker Overdose Study
    Preliminary data (from ongoing exploratory studies) indicate promising results in reversing cardiotoxic effects, which historically posed treatment challenges with conventional formulations.

Regulatory Status and Future Milestones

Regulatory agencies, including the FDA, have granted Fast Track designation based on preliminary data indicating the unmet need for more practical glucagon formulations. Submission for marketing approval is anticipated post-completion of ongoing Phase III trials, expected by late 2024 or early 2025.


Market Analysis

Global Market Overview

The global glucagon market was valued at approximately USD 340 million in 2022, with an anticipated compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 7% through 2030 [3]. The growth is driven by increasing diabetes prevalence, expanding emergency treatment protocols, and the development of alternative formulations.

Segment Drivers

  • Diabetes Management:
    The rising incidence of type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes fuels demand for emergency hypoglycemia treatments. The need for user-friendly, reliable formulations strongly favors recombinant variants.

  • Overdose Reversal:
    Growing opioid overdose rates, with some glucagon formulations approved or under investigation for this indication, enhance market scope.

  • Diagnostic Applications:
    Glucagon's role in evaluating pancreatic function adds diagnostic utility, expanding market applications.

Competitive Landscape

Major players include Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Ormco; however, recombinant glucagon formulations are gaining traction due to advantages in shelf stability and administration simplicity. Eli Lilly’s recent FDA approval of its recombinant glucagon (Gvoke) illustrates market momentum; however, its limitations in stability and cost present opportunities for new entrants.

Market Challenges

  • Pricing and Reimbursement:
    High development and manufacturing costs translate into premium pricing, potentially limiting accessibility, especially in emerging markets.

  • Regulatory Barriers:
    Stringent approval processes for new formulations delay market entry and adoption.

  • Physician and Patient Adoption:
    Education around the benefits of recombinant formulations is necessary to overcome inertia linked to traditional products.

Emerging Opportunities

The increasing approval of intranasal and auto-injector forms signals a shift towards more patient-centric delivery methods. Future formulations integrating these modalities could significantly expand market share.


Market Projection

Forecasting Assumptions

  • Increased global diabetes prevalence: Projected to reach over 700 million by 2045, with a significant portion requiring emergency hypoglycemia treatments.

  • Regulatory approvals anticipated for recombinant glucagon by 2025, boosting adoption.

  • Continued innovation leading to less invasive, more stable forms.

Market Size and Growth Prospect

By 2030, the recombinant glucagon market could surpass USD 900 million, driven by:

  • Expanding emergency medication adoption (growth of approximately 8% CAGR).

  • Broader indications, including overdose reversal and diagnostics.

  • Entry into emerging markets with large diabetic populations.

Regional Outlook

  • North America: Dominates due to high diabetes prevalence and robust healthcare infrastructure, expected to hold over 45% of market share.

  • Europe: Significant growth driven by regulatory approvals and increased awareness.

  • Asia-Pacific: Emerging as a high-growth region owing to rising diabetes rates, urbanization, and healthcare investments.


Key Trends and Strategic Implications

  • Innovation in Delivery: Development of intranasal sprays and auto-injectors are critical to gaining competitive advantage.

  • Partnerships & Collaborations: Collaborations with healthcare providers and payers enhance market penetration.

  • Pricing Strategies: Cost-effective manufacturing and reimbursement negotiations are essential for widespread adoption.

  • Regulatory Strategy: Navigating approval pathways efficiently will determine market entry timelines.


Key Takeaways

  • Clinical trials for Glucagon Recombinant are progressing rapidly, with promising data supporting efficacy, stability, and ease of administration. These advancements position the product as a next-generation emergency therapeutic.

  • Market growth is buoyed by rising diabetes rates, evolving treatment protocols, and unmet needs for stable, injectable-free formulations. The global market is projected to grow at a CAGR of roughly 7-8% through 2030.

  • Strategic focus should be on differentiated delivery systems, regulatory engagement, and expanding into emerging markets. These actions will maximize market share and enhance stakeholder value.

  • Market entry depends heavily on regulatory milestones and successful commercialization of stable, user-friendly formulations. Early collaboration with regulatory agencies could accelerate approval.

  • Pricing and reimbursement policies will shape adoption rates across regions. Cost-effective manufacturing and value-based reimbursement models are crucial.


FAQs

1. What are the main advantages of recombinant glucagon over traditional formulations?
Recombinant glucagon offers enhanced stability, ease of reconstitution, and multiple administration routes (intranasal, auto-injector), reducing the risk of dosing errors and improving patient compliance.

2. When is the likely market approval date for recombinant glucagon products?
Regulatory approval is anticipated after completion of Phase III trials, with a tentative filing timeline in late 2024 or early 2025.

3. How does recombinant glucagon fit into emergency treatment protocols?
It provides a rapid, reliable treatment for severe hypoglycemia and overdoses, particularly in pre-hospital or outpatient settings, offering a safer alternative to traditional glucagon kits.

4. What are the key barriers to market growth for recombinant glucagon?
High development costs, regulatory hurdles, reimbursement challenges, and competition from existing products can impede growth.

5. Which regions offer the greatest opportunities for market expansion?
North America leads, but Asia-Pacific and Europe present substantial growth opportunities due to increasing disease prevalence and evolving healthcare infrastructure.


References

[1] Global Market Insights. (2022). Glucagon Market Size and Trends.
[2] Diabetes Care. (2022). Efficacy of Recombinant Glucagon in Hypoglycemia Management.
[3] MarketsandMarkets. (2023). Recombinant Human Proteins Market Forecast.

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