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Last Updated: March 24, 2025

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR GLUCAGON RECOMBINANT


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505(b)(2) Clinical Trials for Glucagon Recombinant

This table shows clinical trials for potential 505(b)(2) applications. See the next table for all clinical trials
Trial Type Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
New Combination NCT04520490 ↗ Brain Activation and Satiety in Children 2 Recruiting University of Washington Phase 3 2021-01-28 Childhood obesity and related long-term effects are serious public health problems, but not all children with obesity do well in treatment. This study will test a new combination of family-based behavioral treatment (FBT) with a drug intervention using a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) exenatide once weekly extended-release (ExQW, Bydureon®) in order to improve obesity intervention outcomes in 10-12-year-old children.
New Combination NCT04520490 ↗ Brain Activation and Satiety in Children 2 Recruiting Seattle Children's Hospital Phase 3 2021-01-28 Childhood obesity and related long-term effects are serious public health problems, but not all children with obesity do well in treatment. This study will test a new combination of family-based behavioral treatment (FBT) with a drug intervention using a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) exenatide once weekly extended-release (ExQW, Bydureon®) in order to improve obesity intervention outcomes in 10-12-year-old children.
New Formulation NCT05206149 ↗ Stimulation Test With Intranasal Glucagon for Corticotroph, Somatotroph and Antidiuretic Axes Completed Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Phase 4 2021-10-01 The diagnosis of secondary hypoadrenalism and GH deficiency (GHD) often requires the performance of a dynamic test. The glucagon stimulation test (GST) is one of the options for evaluating hypothalamic-pituitary function, representing a stimulus for both the corticotropic and somatotropic axis, substantially safe and easily available. The standard procedure involves the intramuscular injection of 1-1.5 mg of glucagon based on the patient's weight. In addition to its antero-pituitary function, glucagon has also shown its ability to stimulate neurohypophyseal secretion. Using the copeptin dosage, it has been shown that after the administration of glucagon in healthy subjects there is a significant release of ADH. However, the available data are scarse and there is no standardized protocol for the use of the glucagon test in diabetes insipidus. At the moment, GST is not the most frequently chosen diagnostic option. In fact, despite having the advantage of being able to investigate different areas of anterohypophyseal and probably posterohypophyseal function at the same time, the test has some disadvantages: the prolonged duration makes the procedure challenging, the intramuscular injection can be unwelcome, and many variables can come into play in the definition of a normal response (age, BMI, glycemic status). The recent introduction of a single-dose nasal powder formulation (Baqsimi®) could overcome some of the limitations of classic GST and make the procedure less demanding. To date, no assessments are yet available regarding a purely diagnostic role in the context of hypopituitarism of this new formulation. Through the knowledge of the physiological response of the adrenocortical, somatotropic and ADH axis to the administration of intranasal glucagon in healthy subjects, it will be possible to evaluate its possible application in the diagnosis of GH deficiency, central adrenal insufficiency and possibly diabetes insipidus.
>Trial Type >Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

All Clinical Trials for Glucagon Recombinant

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00005889 ↗ Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Who Are Receiving Nutrition By Intravenous Infusion Unknown status Baylor College of Medicine N/A 1999-10-01 RATIONALE: Very low birth weight infants have problems maintaining normal blood sugar levels. Gluconeogenesis is the production of sugar from amino acids and fats. The best combination of amino acids, fat, and sugar to help very low birth weigh infants maintain normal blood sugar levels is not yet known. PURPOSE: Clinical trial to study how very low birth weight infants break down amino acids, fat, and sugar given by intravenous infusion, and the effect of different combinations of nutrients on the infants' ability to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
NCT00005889 ↗ Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Who Are Receiving Nutrition By Intravenous Infusion Unknown status National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) N/A 1999-10-01 RATIONALE: Very low birth weight infants have problems maintaining normal blood sugar levels. Gluconeogenesis is the production of sugar from amino acids and fats. The best combination of amino acids, fat, and sugar to help very low birth weigh infants maintain normal blood sugar levels is not yet known. PURPOSE: Clinical trial to study how very low birth weight infants break down amino acids, fat, and sugar given by intravenous infusion, and the effect of different combinations of nutrients on the infants' ability to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
NCT00013910 ↗ NNC 90-1170 Mechanism of Action: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Single-Center, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study to Examine Beta-Cell Responsiveness to Graded Glucose Infusion in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Phase 1 1969-12-31 The purpose of this research study is to investigate the mechanism of action of a new investigational medication (drug), NNC 90-1170, which is being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (adult onset type of diabetes. NNC 90-1170 is a modified form of a hormone, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (or GLP-1), which is important for controlling insulin levels. Insulin, another hormone, is also important for controlling blood glucose levels, which are higher than normal in people who have type 2 diabetes. This study will measure the effect of NNC 90-1170, active investigational drug, to cause insulin to be released from the pancreas in response to increasing blood glucose concentrations. These results will be compared to that of a group of healthy volunteers of similar age and body weight who do not have diabetes. Also, various other hormones and substances that are known to control blood sugar will be measured in blood samples that will be drawn. One dose of NNC 90-1170 will be given to subjects with type 2 diabetes only in this study, and the effects of this dose will be compared to a placebo (inactive substance that looks like the active drug). This is a crossover study, which means that subjects will be treated both with NNC 90-1170 and with placebo. The order in which subjects will receive the treatments will be determined by chance (randomly). The study will be conducted as a so-called "double-blind" study, meaning that neither subjects nor study doctors will know the order in which subjects will be given each treatment until the study is over. The study will include approximately 15 healthy volunteers and 15 volunteers with type 2 diabetes, and it will be conducted at 1 clinic (the University of Michigan Health System) in the United States.
NCT00064714 ↗ Effect of AC2993 With or Without Immunosuppression on Beta Cell Function in Patients With Type I Diabetes Completed National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Phase 2 2003-07-01 This study will determine 1) the safety of AC2993 in patients with type I diabetes; 2) the ability of AC2993 to improve beta cell function; and 3) the effects of immunosuppression on beta cell function. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas. These cells produce insulin, which regulates blood sugar. AC2993 may improve the pancreas's ability to produce insulin and help control blood sugar, but it may also activate the original immune response that caused the diabetes. Thus, this study will examine the effects of AC2993 alone as well as in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. Patients between 18 and 60 years of age who have type I diabetes mellitus may be eligible for this 20-month study. They must have had diabetes for at least 5 years and require insulin treatment. Candidates will be screened with a questionnaire, followed by medical history and physical examination, blood and urine tests, a chest x-ray and skin test for tuberculosis, electrocardiogram (EKG), and arginine stimulated C-peptide test (see description below). Participants will undergo the following tests and procedures: Advanced screening phase: Participants undergo a diabetes education program, including instruction on frequent blood glucose monitoring, dietary education on counting carbohydrates, intensive insulin therapy, review of signs and symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), and potential treatment with glucagon shots. Patients must administer insulin via an insulin pump or take at least four injections per day including glargine (Lantus) insulin. 4-month run-in phase - Arginine-stimulated C-peptide test: This test measures the body's insulin production. The patient is injected with a liquid containing arginine, a normal constituent of food that increases insulin release from beta cells into the blood stream. After the injection, seven blood samples are collected over 10 minutes. - Mixed meal stimulated C-peptide test with acetaminophen: This test assesses the response of the beta cells to an ordinary meal and the time it takes for food to pass through the stomach. The patient drinks a food supplement and takes acetaminophen (Tylenol). Blood samples are then drawn through a catheter (plastic tube placed in a vein) every 30 minutes for 4 hours to measure levels of various hormones and the concentration of acetaminophen. - Euglycemic clamp: This test measures the body's level of insulin resistance by measuring the amount of glucose necessary to compensate for an increased insulin level while maintaining a prespecified blood glucose level.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for Glucagon Recombinant

Condition Name

Condition Name for Glucagon Recombinant
Intervention Trials
Type 2 Diabetes 93
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 74
Obesity 67
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 64
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for Glucagon Recombinant
Intervention Trials
Diabetes Mellitus 356
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 257
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 137
Hypoglycemia 79
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Clinical Trial Locations for Glucagon Recombinant

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for Glucagon Recombinant
Location Trials
United States 702
Denmark 100
China 75
Canada 65
Germany 48
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for Glucagon Recombinant
Location Trials
Texas 64
California 52
New York 40
Pennsylvania 33
Minnesota 31
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Clinical Trial Progress for Glucagon Recombinant

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for Glucagon Recombinant
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Phase 4 207
Phase 3 104
Phase 2/Phase 3 27
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for Glucagon Recombinant
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 468
Recruiting 106
Unknown status 82
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for Glucagon Recombinant

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for Glucagon Recombinant
Sponsor Trials
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) 42
Novo Nordisk A/S 38
Eli Lilly and Company 33
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for Glucagon Recombinant
Sponsor Trials
Other 987
Industry 334
NIH 77
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Glucagon Recombinant: Clinical Trials, Market Analysis, and Projections

Introduction to Glucagon Recombinant

Glucagon, a 29-amino acid hormone, plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by stimulating glycogenolysis and the release of glucose. Recombinant glucagon, produced through DNA expression in laboratory bacteria, has revolutionized the treatment of severe hypoglycemia and other conditions.

Historical Development and Approval

The journey of glucagon as a therapeutic agent began with its isolation from animal pancreas in 1923. However, it wasn't until 1998 that recombinant glucagon was developed and approved by the FDA for the treatment of severe hypoglycemia, marking a significant milestone in diabetes management[1].

Clinical Uses of Glucagon Recombinant

Treatment of Severe Hypoglycemia

Glucagon is primarily used to treat severe hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes, particularly those on insulin therapy. It works by activating hepatic glucagon receptors, which stimulate glycogenolysis and the release of glucose into the bloodstream, thereby raising blood sugar levels[4].

Diagnostic Aid

In addition to treating hypoglycemia, glucagon is used as a diagnostic aid in radiologic exams to temporarily inhibit the movement of the gastrointestinal tract, facilitating clearer imaging[4].

Recent Innovations in Delivery Methods

Intranasal Delivery

One of the significant innovations in glucagon delivery is the intranasal spray, approved by the FDA in 2019. This method eliminates the need for dissolution in water or injection, making it less intimidating for untrained bystanders to administer. Products like BAQSIMI (intranasal glucagon) have made emergency treatment more accessible and user-friendly[1].

DMSO-Based Injectors

Another innovation involves dissolving glucagon in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) instead of water, which enhances the stability of the hormone and prevents fibril formation. This approach is used in easy-to-use injector pens that automatically deliver the appropriate dose[1].

Market Analysis

Global Market Size and Growth

The global glucagon market was valued at USD 278.5 million in 2022 and is projected to grow to USD 470.8 million by 2030, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.8% during the forecast period. North America dominates the market, holding an 85.89% market share in 2022[2].

Segment Dominance

The hypoglycemia segment dominates the global glucagon market, driven by the rising prevalence of diabetes and the increasing risk of severe hypoglycemia episodes among insulin-treated patients. The diagnostic aid segment, however, has a lower market share and is expected to grow at a slower CAGR[2].

Distribution Channels

Drug stores and retail pharmacies hold the largest share of the market, generating the highest revenue. Hospital pharmacies also capture significant revenue, particularly in regions where there is a lack of awareness about hypoglycemia conditions. The online pharmacies segment is expected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period due to improved accessibility and quality of services[2].

Regional Analysis

North America

The North American market, particularly the U.S., is a significant driver of the global glucagon market. The U.S. glucagon delivery devices market was estimated at USD 446.98 million in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 8.33% from 2024 to 2030. Factors contributing to this growth include the increasing prevalence of diabetes, the development of advanced delivery devices, and an aging population[3].

Other Regions

Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa also contribute to the global market, though at varying growth rates. Initiatives such as reimbursement policies in countries like France, where the recommended reimbursement rate for intranasal glucagon is 65%, are expected to drive demand in these regions[2].

Key Players and Innovations

Major players in the glucagon market, including Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Xeris Pharmaceuticals, and Boehringer Ingelheim, are focusing on enhancing their product offerings through product upgrades, strategic collaborations, and merger and acquisition activities. Innovations such as the FDA-approved dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist Mounjaro (tirzepatide) by Eli Lilly are set to revolutionize diabetes treatment options[3].

Future Prospects and Challenges

Bi-Hormonal Artificial Pancreas

The development of a bi-hormonal artificial pancreas that can respond like a functioning biological pancreas by adjusting blood glucose levels with insulin or glucagon is a promising area of research. This technology could significantly improve the management of diabetes by reducing the risk of hypoglycemia and enhancing patient compliance[1].

Regulatory and Reimbursement Landscapes

Regulatory approvals and reimbursement policies play a crucial role in the expansion of the glucagon market. Efforts to harmonize regulatory scenarios and increase reimbursement rates are expected to drive market growth and make these products more accessible to patients[2].

Pharmacological Profile

Mechanism of Action

Glucagon works by binding to the glucagon receptor, activating Gsα and Gq pathways, which increase intracellular cyclic AMP and activate protein kinase A, leading to the breakdown of glycogen and the release of glucose[4].

Half-Life and Clearance

The half-life of glucagon varies depending on the administration method, ranging from 26 minutes for intramuscular doses to 35 minutes for intranasal administration. The clearance rate for an intravenous dose is approximately 13.5 mL/min/kg[4].

Adverse Effects and Contraindications

Glucagon can cause hyperglycemia in diabetic patients and has other adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting. It is contraindicated in patients with pheochromocytoma, insulinoma, and certain gastrointestinal conditions[4].

Key Takeaways

  • Market Growth: The global glucagon market is projected to grow significantly, driven by the increasing prevalence of diabetes and advancements in delivery devices.
  • Innovations: New delivery methods such as intranasal sprays and DMSO-based injectors have improved the ease and accessibility of glucagon administration.
  • Regional Dominance: North America, particularly the U.S., dominates the market due to high diabetes prevalence and advanced healthcare infrastructure.
  • Future Prospects: The development of bi-hormonal artificial pancreas systems and favorable regulatory landscapes are expected to further drive market growth.

FAQs

What is the primary use of glucagon recombinant?

Glucagon recombinant is primarily used to treat severe hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes, particularly those on insulin therapy.

How has the delivery of glucagon evolved?

Recent innovations include intranasal sprays and injectors using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to enhance stability and ease of administration.

What is the projected growth of the global glucagon market?

The global glucagon market is projected to grow from USD 297.8 million in 2023 to USD 470.8 million by 2030, with a CAGR of 6.8%.

Which region dominates the glucagon market?

North America, particularly the U.S., dominates the glucagon market with a significant market share.

What are the key players in the glucagon market?

Major players include Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Xeris Pharmaceuticals, and Boehringer Ingelheim, among others.

Sources

  1. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). "Story of discovery: how different medications for diabetes and obesity emerged from basic research on one pancreatic hormone." January 27, 2021.
  2. Fortune Business Insights. "Glucagon Market Size, Share, Growth & Trends Analysis [2030]."
  3. Grand View Research. "U.S. Glucagon Delivery Devices Market Size | Report, 2030."
  4. DrugBank Online. "Glucagon: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online."

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