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Last Updated: January 17, 2025

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR GLUCAGON HYDROCHLORIDE


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505(b)(2) Clinical Trials for Glucagon Hydrochloride

This table shows clinical trials for potential 505(b)(2) applications. See the next table for all clinical trials
Trial Type Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
New Combination NCT04520490 ↗ Brain Activation and Satiety in Children 2 Recruiting University of Washington Phase 3 2021-01-28 Childhood obesity and related long-term effects are serious public health problems, but not all children with obesity do well in treatment. This study will test a new combination of family-based behavioral treatment (FBT) with a drug intervention using a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) exenatide once weekly extended-release (ExQW, Bydureon®) in order to improve obesity intervention outcomes in 10-12-year-old children.
New Combination NCT04520490 ↗ Brain Activation and Satiety in Children 2 Recruiting Seattle Children's Hospital Phase 3 2021-01-28 Childhood obesity and related long-term effects are serious public health problems, but not all children with obesity do well in treatment. This study will test a new combination of family-based behavioral treatment (FBT) with a drug intervention using a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) exenatide once weekly extended-release (ExQW, Bydureon®) in order to improve obesity intervention outcomes in 10-12-year-old children.
New Formulation NCT05206149 ↗ Stimulation Test With Intranasal Glucagon for Corticotroph, Somatotroph and Antidiuretic Axes Completed Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Phase 4 2021-10-01 The diagnosis of secondary hypoadrenalism and GH deficiency (GHD) often requires the performance of a dynamic test. The glucagon stimulation test (GST) is one of the options for evaluating hypothalamic-pituitary function, representing a stimulus for both the corticotropic and somatotropic axis, substantially safe and easily available. The standard procedure involves the intramuscular injection of 1-1.5 mg of glucagon based on the patient's weight. In addition to its antero-pituitary function, glucagon has also shown its ability to stimulate neurohypophyseal secretion. Using the copeptin dosage, it has been shown that after the administration of glucagon in healthy subjects there is a significant release of ADH. However, the available data are scarse and there is no standardized protocol for the use of the glucagon test in diabetes insipidus. At the moment, GST is not the most frequently chosen diagnostic option. In fact, despite having the advantage of being able to investigate different areas of anterohypophyseal and probably posterohypophyseal function at the same time, the test has some disadvantages: the prolonged duration makes the procedure challenging, the intramuscular injection can be unwelcome, and many variables can come into play in the definition of a normal response (age, BMI, glycemic status). The recent introduction of a single-dose nasal powder formulation (Baqsimi®) could overcome some of the limitations of classic GST and make the procedure less demanding. To date, no assessments are yet available regarding a purely diagnostic role in the context of hypopituitarism of this new formulation. Through the knowledge of the physiological response of the adrenocortical, somatotropic and ADH axis to the administration of intranasal glucagon in healthy subjects, it will be possible to evaluate its possible application in the diagnosis of GH deficiency, central adrenal insufficiency and possibly diabetes insipidus.
>Trial Type >Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

All Clinical Trials for Glucagon Hydrochloride

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00005889 ↗ Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Who Are Receiving Nutrition By Intravenous Infusion Unknown status Baylor College of Medicine N/A 1999-10-01 RATIONALE: Very low birth weight infants have problems maintaining normal blood sugar levels. Gluconeogenesis is the production of sugar from amino acids and fats. The best combination of amino acids, fat, and sugar to help very low birth weigh infants maintain normal blood sugar levels is not yet known. PURPOSE: Clinical trial to study how very low birth weight infants break down amino acids, fat, and sugar given by intravenous infusion, and the effect of different combinations of nutrients on the infants' ability to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
NCT00005889 ↗ Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Who Are Receiving Nutrition By Intravenous Infusion Unknown status National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) N/A 1999-10-01 RATIONALE: Very low birth weight infants have problems maintaining normal blood sugar levels. Gluconeogenesis is the production of sugar from amino acids and fats. The best combination of amino acids, fat, and sugar to help very low birth weigh infants maintain normal blood sugar levels is not yet known. PURPOSE: Clinical trial to study how very low birth weight infants break down amino acids, fat, and sugar given by intravenous infusion, and the effect of different combinations of nutrients on the infants' ability to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
NCT00013910 ↗ NNC 90-1170 Mechanism of Action: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Single-Center, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study to Examine Beta-Cell Responsiveness to Graded Glucose Infusion in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Phase 1 1969-12-31 The purpose of this research study is to investigate the mechanism of action of a new investigational medication (drug), NNC 90-1170, which is being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (adult onset type of diabetes. NNC 90-1170 is a modified form of a hormone, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (or GLP-1), which is important for controlling insulin levels. Insulin, another hormone, is also important for controlling blood glucose levels, which are higher than normal in people who have type 2 diabetes. This study will measure the effect of NNC 90-1170, active investigational drug, to cause insulin to be released from the pancreas in response to increasing blood glucose concentrations. These results will be compared to that of a group of healthy volunteers of similar age and body weight who do not have diabetes. Also, various other hormones and substances that are known to control blood sugar will be measured in blood samples that will be drawn. One dose of NNC 90-1170 will be given to subjects with type 2 diabetes only in this study, and the effects of this dose will be compared to a placebo (inactive substance that looks like the active drug). This is a crossover study, which means that subjects will be treated both with NNC 90-1170 and with placebo. The order in which subjects will receive the treatments will be determined by chance (randomly). The study will be conducted as a so-called "double-blind" study, meaning that neither subjects nor study doctors will know the order in which subjects will be given each treatment until the study is over. The study will include approximately 15 healthy volunteers and 15 volunteers with type 2 diabetes, and it will be conducted at 1 clinic (the University of Michigan Health System) in the United States.
NCT00064714 ↗ Effect of AC2993 With or Without Immunosuppression on Beta Cell Function in Patients With Type I Diabetes Completed National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Phase 2 2003-07-01 This study will determine 1) the safety of AC2993 in patients with type I diabetes; 2) the ability of AC2993 to improve beta cell function; and 3) the effects of immunosuppression on beta cell function. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas. These cells produce insulin, which regulates blood sugar. AC2993 may improve the pancreas's ability to produce insulin and help control blood sugar, but it may also activate the original immune response that caused the diabetes. Thus, this study will examine the effects of AC2993 alone as well as in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. Patients between 18 and 60 years of age who have type I diabetes mellitus may be eligible for this 20-month study. They must have had diabetes for at least 5 years and require insulin treatment. Candidates will be screened with a questionnaire, followed by medical history and physical examination, blood and urine tests, a chest x-ray and skin test for tuberculosis, electrocardiogram (EKG), and arginine stimulated C-peptide test (see description below). Participants will undergo the following tests and procedures: Advanced screening phase: Participants undergo a diabetes education program, including instruction on frequent blood glucose monitoring, dietary education on counting carbohydrates, intensive insulin therapy, review of signs and symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), and potential treatment with glucagon shots. Patients must administer insulin via an insulin pump or take at least four injections per day including glargine (Lantus) insulin. 4-month run-in phase - Arginine-stimulated C-peptide test: This test measures the body's insulin production. The patient is injected with a liquid containing arginine, a normal constituent of food that increases insulin release from beta cells into the blood stream. After the injection, seven blood samples are collected over 10 minutes. - Mixed meal stimulated C-peptide test with acetaminophen: This test assesses the response of the beta cells to an ordinary meal and the time it takes for food to pass through the stomach. The patient drinks a food supplement and takes acetaminophen (Tylenol). Blood samples are then drawn through a catheter (plastic tube placed in a vein) every 30 minutes for 4 hours to measure levels of various hormones and the concentration of acetaminophen. - Euglycemic clamp: This test measures the body's level of insulin resistance by measuring the amount of glucose necessary to compensate for an increased insulin level while maintaining a prespecified blood glucose level.
NCT00064714 ↗ Effect of AC2993 With or Without Immunosuppression on Beta Cell Function in Patients With Type I Diabetes Completed AstraZeneca Phase 2 2003-07-01 This study will determine 1) the safety of AC2993 in patients with type I diabetes; 2) the ability of AC2993 to improve beta cell function; and 3) the effects of immunosuppression on beta cell function. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas. These cells produce insulin, which regulates blood sugar. AC2993 may improve the pancreas's ability to produce insulin and help control blood sugar, but it may also activate the original immune response that caused the diabetes. Thus, this study will examine the effects of AC2993 alone as well as in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. Patients between 18 and 60 years of age who have type I diabetes mellitus may be eligible for this 20-month study. They must have had diabetes for at least 5 years and require insulin treatment. Candidates will be screened with a questionnaire, followed by medical history and physical examination, blood and urine tests, a chest x-ray and skin test for tuberculosis, electrocardiogram (EKG), and arginine stimulated C-peptide test (see description below). Participants will undergo the following tests and procedures: Advanced screening phase: Participants undergo a diabetes education program, including instruction on frequent blood glucose monitoring, dietary education on counting carbohydrates, intensive insulin therapy, review of signs and symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), and potential treatment with glucagon shots. Patients must administer insulin via an insulin pump or take at least four injections per day including glargine (Lantus) insulin. 4-month run-in phase - Arginine-stimulated C-peptide test: This test measures the body's insulin production. The patient is injected with a liquid containing arginine, a normal constituent of food that increases insulin release from beta cells into the blood stream. After the injection, seven blood samples are collected over 10 minutes. - Mixed meal stimulated C-peptide test with acetaminophen: This test assesses the response of the beta cells to an ordinary meal and the time it takes for food to pass through the stomach. The patient drinks a food supplement and takes acetaminophen (Tylenol). Blood samples are then drawn through a catheter (plastic tube placed in a vein) every 30 minutes for 4 hours to measure levels of various hormones and the concentration of acetaminophen. - Euglycemic clamp: This test measures the body's level of insulin resistance by measuring the amount of glucose necessary to compensate for an increased insulin level while maintaining a prespecified blood glucose level.
NCT00081458 ↗ Safety and Efficacy Study of Teduglutide in Subjects With Short Bowel Syndrome Completed Shire Phase 3 2004-05-25 The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy, safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of teduglutide compared with placebo in subjects with parenteral nutrition (PN)-dependent short bowel syndrome (SBS).
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for Glucagon Hydrochloride

Condition Name

Condition Name for Glucagon Hydrochloride
Intervention Trials
Type 2 Diabetes 93
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 74
Obesity 67
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 64
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for Glucagon Hydrochloride
Intervention Trials
Diabetes Mellitus 356
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 257
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 137
Hypoglycemia 79
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Clinical Trial Locations for Glucagon Hydrochloride

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for Glucagon Hydrochloride
Location Trials
United States 702
Denmark 100
China 75
Canada 65
Germany 48
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for Glucagon Hydrochloride
Location Trials
Texas 64
California 52
New York 40
Pennsylvania 33
Minnesota 31
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Clinical Trial Progress for Glucagon Hydrochloride

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for Glucagon Hydrochloride
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Phase 4 207
Phase 3 104
Phase 2/Phase 3 27
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for Glucagon Hydrochloride
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 468
Recruiting 106
Unknown status 82
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for Glucagon Hydrochloride

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for Glucagon Hydrochloride
Sponsor Trials
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) 42
Novo Nordisk A/S 38
Eli Lilly and Company 33
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for Glucagon Hydrochloride
Sponsor Trials
Other 987
Industry 334
NIH 77
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Glucagon Hydrochloride: Clinical Trials, Market Analysis, and Projections

Introduction to Glucagon Hydrochloride

Glucagon hydrochloride is a hormone used to treat severe hypoglycemia and as a diagnostic aid in radiologic exams. It is a 29 amino acid peptide that raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream[3].

Clinical Trials and Research

Ongoing and Recent Trials

Several clinical trials are currently underway or have recently been completed to explore various aspects of glucagon hydrochloride and its analogues.

  • Glucagon Receptor Antagonist (GRA) Trials: Studies are examining the effects of GRA on insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular risks, and ketone levels in patients with type 1 diabetes. For instance, a trial at UCSD is evaluating the efficacy and safety of volagidemab, a glucagon receptor antagonist, on glucose recovery from hypoglycemia after glucagon treatment in adults with type 1 diabetes[5].

  • Innovative Formulations: Clinical trials are also focused on developing novel formulations and delivery methods for glucagon, such as autoinjectors and nasal sprays. These advancements aim to improve the convenience and usability of glucagon treatments, particularly in emergency situations[4].

  • Diagnostic Applications: Glucagon is used in gastrointestinal imaging procedures to temporarily inhibit the movement of the gastrointestinal tract. Ongoing research may explore new diagnostic applications or refine existing ones[3].

Future Directions

Future clinical trials are likely to focus on several key areas:

  • Novel Glucagon Analogues: Developing new glucagon analogues that overcome storage and administration challenges, making the product more accessible and user-friendly.
  • Expanded Therapeutic Indications: Investigating glucagon's potential in treating conditions beyond severe hypoglycemia, such as cardiogenic shock and other metabolic disorders.
  • Pediatric and Geriatric Populations: Studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of glucagon in children and elderly patients, who may have different physiological responses to the hormone.

Market Analysis

Current Market Size and Growth

The global glucagon market was valued at USD 294.0 million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 553.3 million by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 6.7% during the forecast period from 2024 to 2033[2].

Key Market Drivers

  • Rising Prevalence of Diabetes: The increasing global prevalence of diabetes, particularly in populous countries like India, drives the demand for glucagon as a critical emergency treatment for severe hypoglycemia[4].
  • Technological Advancements: Innovations in delivery methods, such as autoinjectors and nasal sprays, have improved the convenience and usability of glucagon treatments, boosting market growth[4].
  • Expanding Applications: Glucagon's use beyond hypoglycemia treatment, including diagnostic procedures and potential new therapeutic indications, contributes to market expansion[4].

Market Segmentation

  • By Route of Administration: The injectable route dominates the glucagon market with a commanding 60% share. However, nasal sprays and autoinjectors are gaining traction due to their ease of use[2].
  • By Application: Hypoglycemia application holds a significant market share, commanding 45% of the total market. This underscores the critical role of glucagon in managing hypoglycemic episodes[2].
  • By Distribution Channel: Drug stores and retail pharmacies lead in distribution, dominating with a 60% share[2].

Regional Dominance

  • North America: The glucagon market in North America commands a significant 45% share, driven by high diabetes prevalence, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and widespread awareness of hypoglycemia management[2].
  • Asia-Pacific: This region is expected to witness the fastest growth, particularly in China and India, due to rising diabetes incidence and expanding healthcare access[4].

Mechanism of Action and Pharmacology

How Glucagon Works

Glucagon binds to the glucagon receptor, activating Gsα and Gq pathways. This activation increases intracellular cyclic AMP and activates protein kinase A, leading to the breakdown of glycogen and the release of glucose into the bloodstream[3].

Pharmacokinetics

  • Half-life: The half-life of glucagon varies by administration route: 26 minutes for intramuscular doses, 35 minutes for nasal powder, and 32 minutes for subcutaneous auto-injectors or pre-filled syringes[3].
  • Clearance: A 1mg intravenous dose of glucagon has a clearance of 13.5 mL/min/kg[3].

Market Projections and Growth Opportunities

Market Growth Projections

The glucagon market is expected to grow significantly, driven by the rising prevalence of diabetes and the increasing demand for innovative and convenient glucagon formulations. By 2033, the market is projected to reach USD 553.3 million, with a CAGR of 6.7% from 2024 to 2033[2].

Emerging Markets and Government Initiatives

  • Emerging Markets: The increasing demand for glucagon in emerging markets, coupled with government initiatives supporting diabetes management and hypoglycemia awareness, offers significant growth potential[4].
  • Government Support: Initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and increasing awareness about advanced treatment options for diabetes will further drive market growth.

Challenges and Opportunities

  • Storage and Administration Challenges: Developing novel formulations that overcome storage and administration challenges could make glucagon more accessible and user-friendly.
  • Limited Awareness and High Costs: In regions like Latin America and Africa, limited awareness and high costs remain challenges that need to be addressed to fully realize the market potential[4].

Key Takeaways

  • Market Size and Growth: The global glucagon market is valued at USD 294.0 million in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 553.3 million by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 6.7%.
  • Dominant Market Segments: Injectable routes and hypoglycemia applications dominate the market, with North America holding a significant share.
  • Technological Advancements: Innovations in delivery methods are driving market growth.
  • Expanding Applications: Glucagon's use beyond hypoglycemia treatment is contributing to market expansion.
  • Emerging Markets: Growing demand in emerging markets and government initiatives support market growth.

FAQs

What is the primary use of glucagon hydrochloride?

Glucagon hydrochloride is primarily used to treat severe hypoglycemia and as a diagnostic aid in radiologic exams to temporarily inhibit the movement of the gastrointestinal tract[3].

What are the key drivers of the glucagon market growth?

The key drivers include the rising prevalence of diabetes, technological advancements in delivery methods, and expanding applications beyond hypoglycemia treatment[4].

Which region dominates the glucagon market?

North America dominates the glucagon market, driven by high diabetes prevalence, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and widespread awareness of hypoglycemia management[2].

What are the emerging trends in glucagon delivery methods?

Emerging trends include the development of autoinjectors and nasal sprays, which improve the convenience and usability of glucagon treatments[4].

What are the challenges facing the glucagon market in certain regions?

In regions like Latin America and Africa, limited awareness and high costs remain significant challenges that need to be addressed[4].

Sources

  1. Patsnap Synapse: Glucagon - Drug Targets, Indications, Patents.
  2. MarketResearch.biz: Glucagon Market Size, Share, Growth | CAGR of 6.7%.
  3. DrugBank Online: Glucagon: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action.
  4. Allied Market Research: Glucagon Market Size, Share, Growth Report [2024-2033].
  5. UCSD Diabetes Clinical Trials: Clinical trials at UCSD.

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