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Last Updated: March 24, 2025

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE


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All Clinical Trials for Apomorphine Hydrochloride

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00009048 ↗ EMD 128130 for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease Completed National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Phase 2 2001-01-01 This study will evaluate the effects of an experimental drug called EMD 128130 on Parkinson's disease symptoms and on dyskinesias (involuntary movements) that develop as a result of long-term treatment with levodopa. EMD 128130 inhibits the function of serotonin, a chemical messenger thought to regulate dopamine release, and thus affect Parkinson's disease symptoms. Patients with relatively advanced Parkinson's disease between 30 and 80 years of age may be eligible for this 3-phase study. - Phase 1 - Baseline Evaluation Participants will have a medical history, physical examination, detailed neurologic evaluation, routine blood tests, urinalysis and an electrocardiogram. A chest X-ray and MRI or CT scan of the brain will be done if needed. In addition, an ACTH stimulation test will be done before and at the end of the study. For this test, a hormone called ACTH is injected into a vein. A small amount of blood is drawn before the injection and 30 and 60 minutes afterwards to measure levels of another hormone called cortisol. After these tests are completed, patients will, if possible, stop taking all antiparkinsonian medications except levodopa (Sinemet) for one month before the study begins and throughout its duration. - Phase 2 - Levodopa and Apomorphine Dose Finding For 1 to 3 days, patients will be admitted to the NIH Clinical center to undergo a levodopa and apomorphine (a dopamine agonist) "dose-finding" procedure. For this procedure, patients will stop taking Sinemet and instead will have levodopa, and subsequently apomorphine, infused through a vein. During the infusions, the drug dose will be increased slowly until either 1) parkinsonian symptoms improve, 2) unacceptable side effects occur, or 3) the maximum study dose is reached. Symptoms will be monitored frequently to find two infusion rates: 1) one that is less than what is needed to relieve symptoms, and 2) one that relieves symptoms but may produce dyskinesias. - Phase 3 - Active Study Patients will begin the treatment phase within 3 months of the dose-finding phase. After a brief physical examination, routine blood tests, and evaluation of parkinsonism symptoms, patients will begin taking either EMD 128130 tablets or capsules or a placebo (a look-alike pill with no active ingredient) twice a day, along with Sinemet, for 3 weeks. All participants will receive placebo at least 1 week during the study, and about four patients, selected at random, will receive only placebo the entire 3 weeks. Levodopa and apomorphine infusions will be repeated at the end of weeks 1, 2 and 3 of Phase 3. The procedure for the infusions will be the same as in the dose-finding phase. Throughout the study, parkinsonian symptoms and dyskinesias will be assessed and blood samples will be drawn periodically to measure drug levels. Patients will return for a follow-up evaluation 2 weeks after the end of the study.
NCT00040209 ↗ JP-1730 to Treat Parkinson's Disease Completed National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Phase 2 2002-06-01 This study will evaluate the effects of an experimental drug called JP-1730 on Parkinson's disease symptoms and on dyskinesias (involuntary movements) that develop as a result of long-term treatment with levodopa. JP-1730 affects chemical messengers believed to affect Parkinson's disease symptoms. Patients between 30 and 80 years of age with relatively advanced Parkinson's disease may be eligible for this 3-phase study. - Phase 1 - Baseline evaluation Participants will be evaluated with a medical history, physical examination, detailed neurologic evaluation, routine blood tests, urinalysis and an electrocardiogram. They will also have a 24-hour holter monitor (heart monitoring) and cardiology consultation. A chest X-ray and MRI or CT scan of the brain will be done if needed. Patients will, if possible, stop taking all antiparkinsonian medications except levodopa (Sinemet) for one month before the study begins and throughout its duration. (If necessary, patients may use short-acting dopamine agonists, such as Mirapex and Requip.) - Phase 2 - Dose Finding Phase For 2 to 3 days, patients will be admitted to the NIH Clinical Center for a levodopa (a dopamine agonist) dose-finding procedure. For this procedure, patients stop taking Sinemet and instead have levodopa, and subsequently apomorphine, infused through a vein. During the infusions, the drug dose is increased slowly until either 1) parkinsonian symptoms improve, 2) unacceptable side effects occur, or 3) the maximum study dose is reached. Symptoms are monitored frequently to find the optimal dose. (Patients who have had dosing infusions in the last 3 months will not have to undergo this phase of the study.) - Phase 3 - Active Study Phase Within 3 months of the dose-finding phase, treatment will begin. Patients will receive seven doses of JD-1730 or placebo (an inactive substance) via puffs from an oral spray together with levodopa infusions over a 3-week period. The doses are given on days 1, 2, and 3 of the first week and then approximately twice a week for the next 2 weeks. For these doses, patients are hospitalized 4 days the first week and 2 days each for the next 2 weeks. All participants will receive placebo at some time during the study, and a few patients, selected at random, will receive only placebo the entire 3 weeks. The procedure for the infusions is the same as that for the dose-finding phase, with frequent evaluation of symptoms. Also, small blood samples are drawn up to three times each study day. At the end of the third week, patients will be discharged from the hospital. Their anti-parkinsonian medications may be readjusted, as needed. Patients will be contacted 2 weeks after the end of the study for a check on side effects and, if necessary, will be scheduled for a follow-up evaluation at the clinic. In addition to the above procedures, patients will be asked to have an optional lumbar a puncture (spinal tap) on the first and last days of the study to measure various brain chemicals and drug levels that cannot be measured in blood and urine. For this procedure, a local anesthetic is given and a needle is inserted in the space between the bones (vertebrae) in the lower back. About 2 tablespoons of fluid is collected through the needle.
NCT00142545 ↗ Long Term Safety and Efficacy of SC Apomorphine in Treatment of "Off" Episodes in Late-Stage Parkinson's Disease Completed Mylan Bertek Pharmaceuticals Phase 3 1999-07-01 The current protocol is designed to satisfy the need for a compassionate use treatment protocol as well as for a long-term open label follow-up study.
NCT00145171 ↗ A Sub-Study With Patients in APO401 to Evaluate Adverse Events During Dose Introduction in Apomorphine-naïve Patients. Completed Mylan Bertek Pharmaceuticals Phase 3 2001-02-01 APO303 is a sub-study of patients enrolled in APO401 (the long-term open label safety protocol) and was designed to evaluate adverse events, particularly blood pressure drops when standing up during first dose in patients who have not been exposed to apomorphine before.
NCT00200512 ↗ Continued Efficacy of Apomorphine After Previous Exposure of at Least Three Months Completed Mylan Bertek Pharmaceuticals Phase 2/Phase 3 1999-09-01 The objective of this study was to measure the continued efficacy of apomorphine after previous exposure of at least three months duration.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for Apomorphine Hydrochloride

Condition Name

Condition Name for Apomorphine Hydrochloride
Intervention Trials
Parkinson's Disease 21
Parkinson Disease 15
Disorder of Consciousness 2
Apomorphine-induced Skin Reactions 1
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for Apomorphine Hydrochloride
Intervention Trials
Parkinson Disease 39
Consciousness Disorders 2
Vomiting 1
Hallucinations 1
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Clinical Trial Locations for Apomorphine Hydrochloride

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for Apomorphine Hydrochloride
Location Trials
United States 59
France 11
Netherlands 6
United Kingdom 6
Spain 5
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for Apomorphine Hydrochloride
Location Trials
Florida 6
Oregon 5
Arizona 4
Texas 4
Michigan 4
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Clinical Trial Progress for Apomorphine Hydrochloride

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for Apomorphine Hydrochloride
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Phase 4 7
Phase 3 9
Phase 2/Phase 3 5
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for Apomorphine Hydrochloride
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 25
Recruiting 7
Unknown status 5
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for Apomorphine Hydrochloride

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for Apomorphine Hydrochloride
Sponsor Trials
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 4
Mylan Bertek Pharmaceuticals 4
Oregon Health and Science University 4
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for Apomorphine Hydrochloride
Sponsor Trials
Other 45
Industry 23
NIH 4
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Apomorphine Hydrochloride: Clinical Trials, Market Analysis, and Projections

Introduction to Apomorphine Hydrochloride

Apomorphine hydrochloride is a potent dopamine agonist used primarily in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders. It mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is deficient in patients with Parkinson's disease, providing rapid relief from debilitating motor symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and difficulty in initiating movement.

Clinical Trials Update

Recent and Ongoing Trials

One notable clinical trial involving apomorphine hydrochloride is the AM IMPAKT study, which was launched by US WorldMeds, LLC. This Phase IV, multi-center, open-label study investigates the use of APOKYN (apomorphine hydrochloride injection) for treating "morning akinesia" in Parkinson's disease patients. The trial aims to enroll approximately 100 subjects at 12 study sites across the United States[1].

Other clinical trials have focused on the efficacy and safety of apomorphine hydrochloride in various dosages and delivery systems. For example, Phase 3 trials have evaluated the drug's effectiveness in managing acute episodes of motor symptoms, with results showing positive outcomes despite some side effects such as nausea and vomiting[4].

Future Clinical Directions

Research into apomorphine hydrochloride continues to expand its therapeutic potential. Preclinical studies and upcoming clinical trials are exploring its use in treating additional neurological diseases and improving delivery systems to enhance patient compliance and reduce side effects. For instance, advancements in subcutaneous injectors and pumps are making the drug more convenient and effective for patients[3].

Market Analysis

Market Size and Growth

The apomorphine hydrochloride market is experiencing significant growth driven by the increasing prevalence of Parkinson's disease globally. As of 2023, the market size was valued at USD 5.12 billion and is projected to reach USD 14.7 billion by 2031, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.4% from 2024 to 2031[3].

Key Market Drivers

  • Increasing Prevalence of Parkinson's Disease: The rising number of individuals affected by Parkinson's disease due to an aging population and increased life expectancy is a primary driver of the market[2].
  • Unique Mechanism of Action: Apomorphine hydrochloride's ability to rapidly alleviate motor symptoms, especially during "off" episodes when oral medications are ineffective, makes it a valuable therapeutic option[2].
  • Advancements in Delivery Systems: Innovations in drug delivery technologies, such as subcutaneous injectors and pumps, are improving patient adherence and compliance[3].

Regional Market Overview

  • North America: The North American market, particularly the United States, is a significant contributor due to its well-established healthcare infrastructure and favorable reimbursement policies[2].
  • Europe: Europe is another major market, with countries like Germany, France, and the United Kingdom having a high adoption rate of apomorphine hydrochloride[2].
  • Asia-Pacific: This region represents a rapidly growing market driven by the increasing prevalence of Parkinson's disease and rising healthcare expenditure. Countries like Japan, South Korea, and Australia are leading the way, while emerging markets like China and India hold significant growth potential[2].
  • Latin America and Middle East & Africa: These regions have smaller but growing markets, with potential for expansion as healthcare infrastructure and awareness of Parkinson's disease improve[2].

Competitive Landscape

The apomorphine hydrochloride market is characterized by a limited number of key players due to the specialized nature of the product and complex manufacturing processes. Key players leverage their expertise in drug development, manufacturing capabilities, and established distribution networks to maintain their market positions. Strategic collaborations with research institutions, healthcare providers, and patient advocacy groups are common strategies to enhance product awareness and drive innovation[2].

Future Outlook

Market Projections

The apomorphine hydrochloride market is poised for continued growth driven by the rising prevalence of Parkinson's disease and the increasing demand for effective treatment options. As the global population ages, the burden of neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease is expected to increase, fueling the need for innovative and targeted therapies[2].

Emerging Trends and Opportunities

  • Research into New Therapeutic Uses: Ongoing research into new therapeutic uses for apomorphine hydrochloride, such as treating additional neurological diseases, is expected to drive market expansion[3].
  • Personalized Treatment: The rising emphasis on personalized treatment is also influencing the market, with apomorphine hydrochloride being tailored to individual patient needs[3].
  • Healthcare Policy Support: Supportive healthcare policies and collaborations among pharmaceutical companies, device manufacturers, healthcare providers, and regulatory bodies will be crucial for navigating market challenges and capitalizing on opportunities[2].

Key Takeaways

  • Clinical Trials: Ongoing and future clinical trials are focusing on optimizing the use of apomorphine hydrochloride for Parkinson's disease and exploring its potential in other neurological disorders.
  • Market Growth: The market is expected to grow significantly, driven by the increasing prevalence of Parkinson's disease and advancements in delivery systems.
  • Regional Markets: North America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region are key markets, with emerging markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa showing potential for growth.
  • Competitive Landscape: The market is characterized by a few key players who are innovating and collaborating to maintain their market positions.

FAQs

What is apomorphine hydrochloride used for?

Apomorphine hydrochloride is primarily used to treat the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, particularly during "off" episodes when oral dopaminergic medications become ineffective.

What are the key drivers of the apomorphine hydrochloride market?

The key drivers include the increasing prevalence of Parkinson's disease, the unique mechanism of action of apomorphine hydrochloride, and advancements in drug delivery systems.

Which regions are significant in the apomorphine hydrochloride market?

North America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region are the most significant markets, with emerging markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa.

What are the future outlook and projections for the apomorphine hydrochloride market?

The market is projected to grow to USD 14.7 billion by 2031, driven by the rising prevalence of Parkinson's disease and ongoing research into new therapeutic uses and delivery systems.

Who are the key players in the apomorphine hydrochloride market?

The market is characterized by a limited number of key players who specialize in drug development, manufacturing, and distribution. These players often engage in strategic collaborations to drive innovation and market growth.

What are the potential side effects of apomorphine hydrochloride?

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and skin reactions, although most acute episodes of nausea are mild to moderate[4].

Sources

  1. US WorldMeds, LLC Release: New Clinical Trial Investigates APOKYN for Treating Debilitating Morning Akinesia in Parkinson’s Disease Patients. Biospace, 13 May 2013.
  2. Apomorphine Hydrochloride Market Size, Share & Forecast 2033. Data Horizon Research, 18 Jun 2024.
  3. Apomorphine Hydrochloride Market Size & Share Analysis. Market Research Intellect, Dec 2024.
  4. Apomorphine Hydrochloride - Drug Targets, Indications, Patents. Synapse by Patsnap.
  5. Global Apomorphine Hydrochloride Market Growth 2024-2030. Market Research Reports, 4 Jan 2024.

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