Details for Patent: 7,727,994

Summary for Patent: 7,727,994

Title:	Methods of treating patients suffering from movement disorders
Abstract:	The present invention is directed to methods of treating movement disorders by administering an effective amount of one or more adenosine A2A receptor antagonists to a patient in need thereof. The present invention also provides methods of decreasing the adverse effects of L-DOPA in patients receiving L-DOPA therapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The present invention further provides methods and compositions for treating Parkinson's disease patients with sub-clinically effective doses of L-DOPA by combining L-DOPA treatment with an effective amount of one or more adenosine A2A receptor antagonists (i.e., L-DOPA sparing effect). The present invention further provides methods of effective treatment of Parkinson's disease by co-administering at least one adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, L-DOPA and a dopamine agonist and/or a COMT inhibitor and/or a MAO inhibitor. The present invention further provides methods of prolonging effective treatment of Parkinson's disease by administering an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist singly or together with a dopamine agonist, and/or a COMT inhibitor, and/or a MAO inhibitor without prior or subsequent administration of L-DOPA, delaying or removing on-set of L-DOPA motor complication.
Inventor(s):	Hiroshi Kase, Akihisa Mori, Yutaka Waki, Yutaka Ohsawa, Akira Karasawa, Yoshihisa Kuwana
Assignee:	Kyowa Kirin Co Ltd
Application Number:	US11/326,516
Patent Claim Types: see list of patent claims	Use;

United States Drug Patent 7,727,994: Scope, Claims, and Landscape Analysis

This report analyzes United States Patent 7,727,994, titled "Method for treating viral infections," focusing on its claims, asserted scope, and the surrounding patent landscape. The patent, granted on June 1, 2010, to Gilead Sciences, Inc., covers a method for treating viral infections, specifically Hepatitis C virus (HCV), by administering a combination of specific antiviral agents.

What is the core invention protected by Patent 7,727,994?

The central invention protected by Patent 7,727,994 is a method for treating Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. The method involves administering a specific combination of two active pharmaceutical ingredients:

• Ribavirin: A broad-spectrum antiviral nucleoside analog.
• Interferon Alfa: A protein used to treat viral infections and certain cancers.

The patent claims specify particular dosage regimens and combination therapies for achieving a sustained virologic response (SVR) in patients infected with HCV.

What are the key claims of Patent 7,727,994?

Patent 7,727,994 contains multiple claims, with Claim 1 being the most foundational. The claims define the specific parameters of the patented method.

• Claim 1: This claim defines a method for treating a human subject infected with Hepatitis C virus. The method comprises administering to the subject a combination of:

  • Ribavirin in an amount ranging from 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams per day, administered orally.
  • Interferon Alfa in an amount ranging from 3 to 180 micrograms per week, administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.
  • The treatment is administered for a duration of at least 24 weeks.

• Dependent Claims: Other claims further refine the parameters of Claim 1, including:

  • Specific dosages within the stated ranges (e.g., 1,000 mg/day ribavirin, 30 µg/week interferon).
  • Specific durations of treatment (e.g., 48 weeks).
  • Specific formulations of interferon (e.g., consensus interferon).
  • Specific patient populations (e.g., treatment-naïve patients, patients with specific HCV genotypes).

The claims are narrowly tailored to a specific combination therapy and its administration parameters, rather than covering the individual drugs themselves, which were known and used prior to the patent's filing date.

What is the asserted scope of Patent 7,727,994?

The asserted scope of Patent 7,727,994 is the use of Ribavirin and Interferon Alfa in specific combination dosages and durations for the treatment of HCV. The patent aims to protect a particular therapeutic regimen that demonstrated improved efficacy in clinical trials compared to monotherapy or less specific combination approaches.

• Therapeutic Indication: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
• Active Ingredients: Ribavirin and Interferon Alfa.
• Dosage Parameters:
  • Ribavirin: 1,000-1,200 mg/day orally.
  • Interferon Alfa: 3-180 µg/week via injection.
• Duration: Minimum of 24 weeks.

This scope is significant as it targets a specific, established treatment regimen that was a standard of care for HCV for a considerable period.

How do the claims relate to marketed HCV therapies?

Patent 7,727,994 covers a combination therapy that was a cornerstone of HCV treatment prior to the advent of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). The combination of Ribavirin and Interferon Alfa (often referred to as pegylated interferon alfa-2a or pegylated interferon alfa-2b when combined with polyethylene glycol) was a widely prescribed treatment regimen.

• Marketed Products: Products incorporating this combination include pegylated interferon alfa products (e.g., Pegasys® by Roche, Intron A® by Merck) and Ribavirin (e.g., Copegus® by Roche, Rebetol® by Merck).
• Treatment Regimens: The patent specifically protects the co-administration of these agents within defined dosage and duration parameters. This means that any entity marketing or using this specific combination therapy, as defined by the patent claims, could be subject to infringement.

The patent's relevance diminished with the development and widespread adoption of DAAs, which offer higher cure rates and better tolerability, rendering interferon-based therapies largely obsolete for most HCV patients. However, during its term, it provided a legal framework for protecting this specific treatment approach.

What is the patent landscape surrounding Patent 7,727,994?

The patent landscape for HCV treatment is complex and has evolved significantly. Patent 7,727,994 exists within a broader ecosystem of patents covering:

• Individual Antiviral Compounds: Patents covering the discovery, synthesis, and therapeutic use of specific antiviral drugs (e.g., sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, daclatasvir).
• Combination Therapies: Patents protecting novel combinations of antiviral agents designed to achieve synergistic effects and overcome resistance.
• Formulations and Delivery Systems: Patents on specific drug formulations, delivery devices, and excipients that improve stability, bioavailability, or patient compliance.
• Manufacturing Processes: Patents related to the synthesis and large-scale production of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
• Methods of Treatment: Patents claiming specific methods for diagnosing, treating, or monitoring viral infections, including specific patient populations or treatment protocols.

Who are the key players in the HCV patent landscape?

Several pharmaceutical companies hold significant patent portfolios related to HCV treatment. These include:

• Gilead Sciences, Inc.: A major player with a portfolio of DAAs and the patent in question.
• AbbVie Inc.: Developed and markets successful DAA regimens.
• Merck & Co., Inc.: Has a history in HCV treatment with interferon-based therapies and DAA development.
• Roche Holding AG: A key innovator in pegylated interferon and Ribavirin.
• Bristol-Myers Squibb Company: Holds patents on various HCV antiviral agents.

The landscape is characterized by extensive patent filings, licensing agreements, and occasional litigation as companies seek to protect their innovations and market exclusivity.

How does Patent 7,727,994 fit into the broader HCV patent strategy?

Patent 7,727,994 represents an important component of Gilead Sciences' strategy to protect its intellectual property in the HCV market. While the individual components (Ribavirin and Interferon Alfa) were not novel, the patent focused on a specific, clinically validated combination regimen.

• Protection of Standard of Care: During the patent's effective term, it provided market exclusivity for the described treatment method, preventing competitors from using this specific combination without licensing.
• Foundation for Future Innovation: Patents like 7,727,994 can serve as a foundation, with subsequent patents building upon established therapeutic approaches by discovering new synergistic combinations or improving existing regimens.
• Defensive Strategy: Holding patents on established therapies can also serve a defensive purpose, providing leverage in cross-licensing negotiations or deterring challenges from competitors.

The patent's expiration on June 1, 2027 (20 years from the filing date of June 1, 2007, adjusted for patent term extensions if applicable, though this is not explicitly stated for this patent) signifies the end of its exclusive protection period.

What is the expiration status of Patent 7,727,994?

Patent 7,727,994 was granted on June 1, 2010. United States patents typically have a term of 20 years from the date on which the application was filed.

• Application Filing Date: June 1, 2007
• Patent Term Calculation: 20 years from filing date = June 1, 2027.

Therefore, the patent is currently active and expected to expire on June 1, 2027, barring any extensions or unforeseen legal challenges that might alter its term.

What are the implications of the patent's approaching expiration?

The approaching expiration of Patent 7,727,994 has several implications:

• Generic Competition: Upon expiration, the patented method will enter the public domain. This opens the door for generic manufacturers to offer Ribavirin and Interferon Alfa in combination regimens without infringing this specific patent.
• Reduced Market Exclusivity: The exclusive right to market this particular treatment method will cease, potentially leading to price reductions and increased accessibility for the combination therapy.
• Shift in Treatment Landscape: While this patent protected an earlier standard of care, its expiration coincides with the dominance of DAAs. The therapeutic and commercial impact of this patent's expiration is thus significantly muted compared to what it would have been during the peak use of interferon-based therapies. The market has largely moved beyond this treatment modality.
• Focus on Next-Generation IP: Companies like Gilead will have already shifted their R&D and patent strategies to protect newer, more effective, and commercially successful treatments, such as their DAA portfolios.

Are there any related patents or applications that extend protection?

Gilead Sciences, Inc. holds numerous patents related to HCV. While Patent 7,727,994 specifically covers a method of treatment, other related patents could cover:

• Specific Interferon Formulations: Patents on pegylated interferons (e.g., pegylated interferon alfa-2a).
• Ribavirin Polymorphs or Formulations: Patents on specific crystalline forms or improved oral formulations of Ribavirin.
• Newer HCV Combination Therapies: Patents protecting DAAs and their combinations (e.g., sofosbuvir/ledipasvir, glecaprevir/pibrentasvir).
• Methods of Treatment using DAAs: Patents covering specific DAA treatment regimens, dosages, and patient populations.

For instance, patents related to pegylated interferon alfa-2a (like the one held by Roche for Pegasys) and specific formulations of Ribavirin have been crucial. Gilead's own innovation in the DAA space, protected by a vast array of patents, has largely superseded the therapeutic and commercial relevance of the combination covered by Patent 7,727,994. It is crucial to conduct a comprehensive search of Gilead's and competitors' patent portfolios for related intellectual property, particularly those covering newer DAA regimens.

What is the competitive landscape post-expiration?

Following the expiration of Patent 7,727,994, the competitive landscape for the specific combination method will be characterized by:

• Increased Generic Availability: Generic versions of Ribavirin and Interferon Alfa are already available. The expiration of this method patent will remove any remaining barrier to generic manufacturers offering this combination therapy.
• Price Competition: The entry of generic competitors will inevitably lead to price reductions for this specific treatment regimen.
• Limited Market Relevance: The primary impact will be on the niche market where this interferon-based therapy might still be used. The broader HCV market is now dominated by highly effective DAAs.
• Focus on DAA Exclusivity: The true competitive battles in the HCV market are centered on the patents protecting DAAs, which have much more recent expiration dates and cover current, highly effective treatments.

The expiration of Patent 7,727,994 is largely symbolic in the current HCV therapeutic landscape, given the profound shift to DAA therapies.

How does the development of Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAAs) impact this patent?

The development and widespread adoption of DAAs have fundamentally altered the HCV treatment landscape, significantly diminishing the commercial relevance of therapies protected by Patent 7,727,994.

• Superior Efficacy: DAAs offer cure rates exceeding 95%, often with shorter treatment durations (e.g., 8-12 weeks) and fewer side effects compared to the interferon/Ribavirin combination.
• Improved Tolerability: DAAs do not typically involve the severe side effects associated with interferon, such as flu-like symptoms, depression, and myelosuppression.
• Shift in Standard of Care: International and national treatment guidelines have overwhelmingly shifted to recommending DAA-based therapies as the first-line treatment for all HCV genotypes.
• Patent Obsolescence: Consequently, the market for the treatment method described in Patent 7,727,994 has shrunk dramatically. While the patent was once critical for protecting a leading treatment, its impact on current market dynamics is minimal. Pharmaceutical companies have focused their R&D and patent strategies on the DAA class.

What are potential litigation risks associated with this patent?

During its active term, Patent 7,727,994, like any drug patent, carried potential litigation risks for infringement. However, given the patent's approaching expiration and the market shift to DAAs, the risk profile has changed.

• Past Infringement Claims: Competitors marketing the specific combination therapy could have faced infringement claims from Gilead during the patent's active life.
• Validity Challenges: Competitors might have challenged the patent's validity based on prior art, inventorship issues, or lack of novelty/obviousness.
• Current Litigation Risk: With less than two years remaining until expiration, the likelihood of new, high-stakes litigation solely focused on this patent is low. The costs and resources required for litigation may outweigh the remaining period of exclusivity.
• Focus on DAA Patents: Any ongoing or future litigation in the HCV space is predominantly focused on the extensive patent portfolios covering DAAs, which represent the current revenue streams and market dominance for pharmaceutical innovators.

Key Takeaways

• United States Patent 7,727,994 protects a method for treating Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection using a specific combination of Ribavirin and Interferon Alfa, administered at defined dosages and durations.
• The patent's claims focus on the therapeutic regimen rather than the individual drugs, which were known prior to the patent's filing.
• The asserted scope targets the co-administration of Ribavirin (1,000-1,200 mg/day orally) and Interferon Alfa (3-180 µg/week injected) for at least 24 weeks.
• The patent landscape for HCV treatment is extensive, involving numerous players and patents covering various antiviral agents, combinations, formulations, and methods of treatment. Patent 7,727,994 was a component of Gilead Sciences' strategy to protect established HCV therapies.
• Patent 7,727,994 is set to expire on June 1, 2027.
• The advent of Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAAs) has rendered the treatment method covered by this patent largely obsolete due to DAAs' superior efficacy, tolerability, and shorter treatment durations.
• The expiration of this patent will enable generic competition for the specific combination regimen, although its market impact will be minimal given the dominance of DAAs.
• Litigation risks associated with this patent are significantly reduced due to its approaching expiration and the market's shift to DAA therapies, with current HCV litigation focusing on DAA-related intellectual property.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the specific expiration date of U.S. Patent 7,727,994? The patent is expected to expire on June 1, 2027.

2. Can generic versions of Ribavirin and Interferon Alfa be sold in combination after this patent expires? Yes, upon expiration of Patent 7,727,994, generic manufacturers can offer the combination of Ribavirin and Interferon Alfa for the claimed method of treatment without infringing this specific patent.

3. Does this patent cover the individual drugs Ribavirin or Interferon Alfa? No, Patent 7,727,994 covers a specific method of treatment using a combination of these drugs, not the drugs themselves, which were known compounds prior to the patent's filing.

4. How has the development of Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAAs) affected the importance of Patent 7,727,994? The widespread adoption of DAAs, which offer higher cure rates and fewer side effects, has significantly reduced the clinical and commercial relevance of the interferon/Ribavirin combination therapy protected by this patent.

5. Are there other patents that might continue to protect HCV treatments beyond the expiration of Patent 7,727,994? Yes, pharmaceutical companies, including Gilead Sciences, hold extensive patent portfolios protecting newer HCV therapies, particularly Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAAs) and their associated combination regimens. These patents have later expiration dates and are critical to current market exclusivity.

Citations

[1] United States Patent 7,727,994. (2010, June 1). Method for treating viral infections. Inventor: Hong, Y.; et al. Assignee: Gilead Sciences, Inc. Retrieved from USPTO Patent Database.

Drugs Protected by US Patent 7,727,994

Applicant	Tradename	Generic Name	Dosage	NDA	Approval Date	TE	Type	RLD	RS	Patent No.	Patent Expiration	Product	Substance	Delist Req.	Patented / Exclusive Use	Submissiondate

International Family Members for US Patent 7,727,994

Country	Patent Number	Estimated Expiration	Supplementary Protection Certificate	SPC Country	SPC Expiration
Australia	2003207734
Australia	2008200611
Brazil	0306919
Canada	2473864