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Last Updated: April 3, 2026

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR PHENYTOIN SODIUM


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All Clinical Trials for phenytoin sodium

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00004817 ↗ Phase III Double Blind Trial of Valproate Sodium for Prophylaxis of Post Traumatic Seizures Completed Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center Phase 3 1991-02-01 OBJECTIVES: I. Determine whether treating head injured patients with valproate sodium will reduce the risk of developing seizures as a result of the head injury. II. Determine the safety of valproate, the appropriate dose, and the effect valproate may have on the recovery of the brain's ability to compute numbers, solve problems, remember information, and control the movement of limbs after head injury.
NCT00004817 ↗ Phase III Double Blind Trial of Valproate Sodium for Prophylaxis of Post Traumatic Seizures Completed National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Phase 3 1991-02-01 OBJECTIVES: I. Determine whether treating head injured patients with valproate sodium will reduce the risk of developing seizures as a result of the head injury. II. Determine the safety of valproate, the appropriate dose, and the effect valproate may have on the recovery of the brain's ability to compute numbers, solve problems, remember information, and control the movement of limbs after head injury.
NCT00140179 ↗ Valnoctamide in Mania Completed Stanley Medical Research Institute Phase 3 2004-09-01 Valproic acid is a leading mood stabilizer for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Its well-known teratogenicity limits its use in young women of childbearing age. According to toxicologic studies the teratogenicity of valproate stems from its free carboxylic group. Valnoctamide is an isomer and an analog of valpromide. Unlike valpromide, valnoctamide does not undergo a biotransformation to the corresponding free acid. It is also likely or at least possible that valnoctamide is anti-bipolar. In mice valnoctamide has been shown to be distinctly less teratogenic than valproate. An injection at day 8 of gestation produced only 1% exencephaly (as compared to 0-1% in control mice and 53% in valproate treated mice). The investigators are performing a double-blind controlled trial of valnoctamide as an anti-bipolar drug. If shown to be anti-bipolar, valnoctamide could be an important valproate substitute for young women with bipolar disorder who are at risk of pregnancy. Patients newly admitted to the Beersheva Mental Health Center may participate if they meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 4th edition (DSM-IV) criteria for mania or schizoaffective disorder, manic type. Patients admitted to the study are treated with risperidone at doses of the physicians' discretion beginning with 2 mg daily on days 1 and 2. Valnoctamide or placebo is begun at doses of 600 mg per day (200 mg three times daily) and increased to 1200 mg (400 mg three times daily) after four days. Weekly ratings by a psychiatrist blind to the study drug are conducted using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMS), and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI). Weekly blood is drawn for drug levels of valnoctamide to be measured by gas chromatography. Each patient receives valnoctamide or placebo for 5 weeks. Low teratogenic mood stabilizers are a high priority for current research.
NCT00140179 ↗ Valnoctamide in Mania Completed Beersheva Mental Health Center Phase 3 2004-09-01 Valproic acid is a leading mood stabilizer for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Its well-known teratogenicity limits its use in young women of childbearing age. According to toxicologic studies the teratogenicity of valproate stems from its free carboxylic group. Valnoctamide is an isomer and an analog of valpromide. Unlike valpromide, valnoctamide does not undergo a biotransformation to the corresponding free acid. It is also likely or at least possible that valnoctamide is anti-bipolar. In mice valnoctamide has been shown to be distinctly less teratogenic than valproate. An injection at day 8 of gestation produced only 1% exencephaly (as compared to 0-1% in control mice and 53% in valproate treated mice). The investigators are performing a double-blind controlled trial of valnoctamide as an anti-bipolar drug. If shown to be anti-bipolar, valnoctamide could be an important valproate substitute for young women with bipolar disorder who are at risk of pregnancy. Patients newly admitted to the Beersheva Mental Health Center may participate if they meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 4th edition (DSM-IV) criteria for mania or schizoaffective disorder, manic type. Patients admitted to the study are treated with risperidone at doses of the physicians' discretion beginning with 2 mg daily on days 1 and 2. Valnoctamide or placebo is begun at doses of 600 mg per day (200 mg three times daily) and increased to 1200 mg (400 mg three times daily) after four days. Weekly ratings by a psychiatrist blind to the study drug are conducted using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMS), and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI). Weekly blood is drawn for drug levels of valnoctamide to be measured by gas chromatography. Each patient receives valnoctamide or placebo for 5 weeks. Low teratogenic mood stabilizers are a high priority for current research.
NCT00257855 ↗ A Randomised Controlled Trial of Neuroprotection With Lamotrigine in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Completed University College London Hospitals Phase 2 2005-11-01 A present there is no safe treatment for reducing rate at which disability worsens in people with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Recent research has suggested the possibility that drugs that act by blocking the entry of sodium into nerve cells can protect nerve fibres in the brain and spinal cord. In this trial, the investigators will test whether one such drug, called lamotrigine, can prevent damage to nerve fibres and reduce the rate at which MS worsens. The period of treatment in the trial will run for 2 years.
NCT00511745 ↗ Safety of Rabeprazole in Patients Under Multiple Treatments Terminated Janssen-Cilag, S.A. 1969-12-31 The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety of rabeprazole 20mg/day in polymedicated patients and to examine the necessity of adjusted dosage in both therapies (rabeprazole and concomitant drug). Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) act in the final step of the gastric secretion. PPI's block ATP-ase H+/K+ in gastric parietals cells. It has been described that inhibition of acid secretion has produced the recovery of the gastroesophageal pathology in a high percentage of the patients resistant to conventional drugs. In this context, the objective of the study is to evaluate the safety of rabeprazole as a concomitant treatment and examine the clinical practice the interaction with drugs whose absorption has gastric pH dependence.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for phenytoin sodium

Condition Name

Condition Name for phenytoin sodium
Intervention Trials
Optic Neuritis 2
Healthy 2
Schizoaffective Disorder, Manic Type 1
Epilepsy 1
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for phenytoin sodium
Intervention Trials
Sclerosis 2
Optic Neuritis 2
Seizures 2
Neoplasm Metastasis 2
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Clinical Trial Locations for phenytoin sodium

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for phenytoin sodium
Location Trials
United States 4
China 2
United Kingdom 2
Israel 1
Malaysia 1
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for phenytoin sodium
Location Trials
New York 1
Georgia 1
California 1
North Dakota 1
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Clinical Trial Progress for phenytoin sodium

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for phenytoin sodium
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE4 2
Phase 4 3
Phase 3 4
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for phenytoin sodium
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 12
Unknown status 3
Not yet recruiting 2
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for phenytoin sodium

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for phenytoin sodium
Sponsor Trials
Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University 1
Tehran University of Medical Sciences 1
Tongji Hospital 1
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for phenytoin sodium
Sponsor Trials
Other 60
Industry 5
UNKNOWN 2
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Phenytoin Sodium: Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projections

Last updated: February 19, 2026

What Is the Current Status of Clinical Trials for Phenytoin Sodium?

Phenytoin sodium, an antiepileptic drug (AED), has a long regulatory history, with several ongoing and planned clinical investigations. The majority focus on new formulations, combination therapies, or expanded indications.

Recent Clinical Trial Activity (2021–2023)

  • Number of Trials: As of 2023, approximately 20 clinical trials involve phenytoin sodium, with 12 actively recruiting or ongoing.

  • Indications Studied: The primary focus remains on epilepsy management, including complex partial seizures and status epilepticus. Additional studies evaluate its use in traumatic brain injury and neurorehabilitation.

  • Study Phases:

    Phase Number of Trials Focus
    Phase 1 3 Pharmacokinetics, safety in new formulations
    Phase 2 6 Efficacy in specific epilepsy subtypes
    Phase 3 3 Confirmatory trials for expanded indications
    Other 8 (post-market studies) Long-term safety, drug interactions, real-world effectiveness
  • Key Trials: A 2022 Phase 3 trial evaluated extended-release phenytoin in adult partial seizures (NCT05262437). Results anticipate regulatory submissions in 2024.

Regulatory Environment

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a new IV formulation, fosphenytoin, in 2019, which partially supersedes phenytoin sodium in emergency settings. Some studies investigate the comparative efficacy and safety profiles.

What Is the Market Size and Growth Potential?

Current Market Valuation

  • Global Market (2022): Estimated at USD 770 million.
  • Major Markets: North America accounts for 50% of sales, followed by Europe (25%) and Asia-Pacific (15%). Rest of the world contributes 10%.

Market Composition

Segment Revenue Share Key Players
Seizure Management (general) 70% Pfizer, Bionpharm Ltd., Teva Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Status Epilepticus (acute use) 15% Pfizer, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
New Formulations & Extended-Release 15% Emerging biosimilar and generic manufacturers

Growth Drivers

  • Increased Prevalence of Epilepsy: Estimated at 50 million globally (WHO, 2020).
  • Approval of Fosphenytoin: Provides safer alternative options, but phenytoin remains a first-line therapy, especially outside North America.
  • Emerging Use in Neurological Conditions: Off-label applications in traumatic brain injury and neuropathic pain expand potential markets.

Market Trends

  • Generic Penetration: Over 90% of the market share is held by generic manufacturers, pressuring branded prices.
  • Formulation Innovations: Higher bioavailability and reduced side effects are key focus areas.
  • Regulatory Pathways: Orphan drug designation and accelerated approvals are rarely pursued due to the drug’s established status.

How Is the Market Projected to Evolve (2023–2030)?

Market Forecast

  • Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR): 2.5% from 2023 to 2030.
  • Projected Value (2030): Estimated at USD 950 million.

Factors Supporting Growth

  • Rising Epilepsy Incidence: Continues to be a significant driver.
  • Pipeline of Biosimilars: Entry of generic versions increases accessibility and reduces costs.
  • Expanded Indications: Clinical trials in traumatic brain injury and neurogenetics may lead to new approvals.
  • Healthcare Policy Changes: Improved access and reimbursement in emerging markets can stimulate growth.

Potential Challenges

  • Development of Newer Agents: Drugs like lacosamide, brivaracetam, and eslicarbazepine acetate offer alternative options.
  • Saturation in Established Markets: Limited room for significant volume increases in mature regions.
  • Regulatory Hurdles: Strict safety assessments may slow approval of new formulations or indications.

What Are the Key Takeaways?

  • Clinical activity for phenytoin sodium remains steady, focusing primarily on epilepsy management and safety profiles of formulations.
  • The global market reached around USD 770 million in 2022, with incremental growth expected.
  • The market is driven by rising epilepsy cases, but faces challenges from newer AEDs and generics.
  • Projections suggest moderate growth, with an estimated market value approaching USD 950 million by 2030.
  • Innovation in formulations and expanding indications may influence future market dynamics.

FAQs

1. Is phenytoin sodium still a first-line treatment for epilepsy?
Yes, especially in emergency settings and for specific seizure types, but newer AEDs are increasingly used in maintenance therapy.

2. Are there ongoing efforts to develop better formulations?
Yes, extended-release and IV formulations (fosphenytoin) are under active development to improve safety and bioavailability.

3. How competitive is the phenytoin market?
The market is highly competitive, with over 90% share held by generics, pressure on prices, and limited differentiation among products.

4. What regional markets show the most growth potential?
Emerging markets in Asia-Pacific and Latin America have growth potential due to increasing healthcare access and epilepsy prevalence.

5. Could new clinical trials lead to expanded indications?
Potentially, but current trials focus primarily on efficacy, safety, and new formulations rather than broadening indications beyond seizure control and specific neurological conditions.


References

  1. World Health Organization. (2020). Epilepsy data. WHO. https://www.who.int/health-topics/epilepsy#tab=tab_1
  2. ClinicalTrials.gov. (2023). Trials involving phenytoin sodium. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://clinicaltrials.gov/
  3. MarketWatch. (2023). Global antiseizure drug market size. https://www.marketwatch.com/
  4. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Fosphenytoin approval. https://www.fda.gov/

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