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Last Updated: April 4, 2026

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR INDOCYANINE GREEN


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505(b)(2) Clinical Trials for indocyanine green

This table shows clinical trials for potential 505(b)(2) applications. See the next table for all clinical trials
Trial Type Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
New Formulation NCT00071227 ↗ Eye Injections of Triamcinolone Acetonide for Retinal Blood Vessel Disorders Completed National Eye Institute (NEI) Phase 1 2003-10-15 This study will evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a new formulation of triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of retinal blood vessel disorders. Triamcinolone is a steroid drug that decreases inflammation and scarring and is routinely used to treat eye inflammation or swelling. The commercially available form of this drug is associated with potentially harmful side effects thought to be due to preservatives in the preparation. This study will use a formulation that does not contain these potentially harmful preservatives. Preliminary findings from other studies suggest that injection of steroids in the eye can reduce retinal thickening and improve vision. However, they may also cause mild discomfort and lead to vision-threatening conditions. The effects of the drug on the conditions under study in this protocol are not known. Patients with the following conditions involving disorders of retinal blood vessels may be eligible for this study: - Choroidal neovascularization associated with age-related macular degeneration (50 years of age and older) - Macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion (18 years of age and older) - Diabetic macular edema ((18 years of age and older) Participants undergo the following tests and procedures: - Medical history and physical examination - Eye examination to assess visual acuity (eye chart test) and eye pressure, and to examine pupils, lens, retina and eye movements. The pupils will be dilated with drops for this examination. - Fluorescein angiography to evaluate the eye's blood vessels. A yellow dye is injected into an arm vein and travels to the blood vessels in the eyes. Pictures of the retina are taken using a camera that flashes a blue light into the eye. The pictures show if any dye has leaked from the vessels into the retina, indicating possible blood vessel abnormality. - Indocyanine green angiography to identify feeder vessels that may be supplying abnormal blood vessels. This procedure is similar to fluorescein angiography, but uses a green dye and flashes an invisible light. - Optical coherence tomography to measure retinal thickness. This test shines a light into the eye and produces cross-sectional pictures of the retina. These measurements are repeated during the study to determine if retinal thickening is getting better or worse, or staying the same. - Stereoscopic color fundus photography to examine the back of the eye. The pupils are dilated with eye drops to allow examination and photography of the back of the eye. - Triamcinolone acetonide injection to treat the eye. A numbing eye drop, an antibiotic eye drop, and an injected antibiotic are put in the eye before triamcinolone acetonide is injected into the eye's vitreous (jelly-like substance inside the eye). After the injection, the patient lies on his or her back for 30 minutes. An antibiotic eye ointment is used for 2 days following treatment. - Blood tests to measure liver and kidney function. Patients return to the clinic for follow-up visits 1, 4, and 7 days, and 1 month after the first treatment. Patients whose condition does not improve after 3 months do not receive any more injections, but return for eye examinations at least once a year for 3 years. Patients whose condition improves with treatment return for follow-up visits 6 and 9 months after the first injection and then every 6 months for 2 more years. At each visit, a determination is made whether another injection is needed. After each repeat injection, patients return for follow-up visits at 1, 4, and 7 days after the injection.
>Trial Type >Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

All Clinical Trials for indocyanine green

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00002901 ↗ Docetaxel in Treating Patients With Solid Tumors and Abnormal Liver Function Completed National Cancer Institute (NCI) Phase 1 1996-12-01 RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of docetaxel in treating patients with advanced solid tumors that have not responded to standard therapy or for which there is no effective therapy.
NCT00002901 ↗ Docetaxel in Treating Patients With Solid Tumors and Abnormal Liver Function Completed City of Hope Medical Center Phase 1 1996-12-01 RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of docetaxel in treating patients with advanced solid tumors that have not responded to standard therapy or for which there is no effective therapy.
NCT00043680 ↗ Celecoxib to Treat Macular Degeneration in Patients Receiving Photodynamic Therapy Completed National Eye Institute (NEI) Phase 2 2002-08-01 This study will determine whether the drug celecoxib (Celebrex® (Registered Trademark)) can help stabilize or improve vision in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) who are receiving photodynamic therapy, or PDT (also called cold laser treatment). The macula is the part of the retina in the back of the eye that determines central or best vision. AMD can severely impair central vision, affecting a person's ability to read, drive, and carry out daily activities. This vision loss is caused by the formation of abnormal new blood vessels in the choroid-a thin, pigmented vascular layer of the eye behind the retina-that leak blood under the macula. PTD stops the growth of these blood vessels and slows the rate of vision loss. However, the treatment usually does not cause vision to improve, and it has only a temporary effect, requiring several treatments over 2 years. Furthermore, PDT does not work in all patients and may actually cause some swelling and re-growth of blood vessels. Celecoxib is an anti-inflammatory drug that, in animal studies, has prevented the growth of abnormal blood vessels associated with tumors and with injury to the cornea. Thus, the drug might reduce swelling and prevent vessel re-growth in AMD, enhancing the effectiveness of PDT. Patients 55 years of age and older with AMD and visual acuity of 20/20 to 20/200 may be eligible for this study. Participants will be randomly assigned to take either celecoxib or a placebo (a look-alike pill with no active drug) twice a day and undergo the various tests and procedures detailed below. Not every examination will be done at every visit, but all may be required at one visit. - Medical history and physical examination - Blood drawing: A blood sample is drawn from an arm vein to evaluate liver and kidney function - Eye examination: Visual acuity and eye pressure are measured, and the lens, retina, pupils and eye movements are examined - Photography: Photographs of the eye are taken using a special camera with a bright flash - Fluorescein angiography: Pictures of the retina are taken to look for abnormal blood vessels. A yellow dye is injected into an arm vein and travels to the blood vessels in the eyes. The retina is photographed using a camera that flashes a blue light into the eye. The pictures show if any dye has leaked from the vessels into the retina, indicating possible blood vessel abnormality. - Indocyanine green angiography: This procedure, similar to fluorescein angiography, uses a green dye to photograph the retina and identify portions of abnormal vessels in the deepest part of the retina. - Optical coherence tomography: This new technique uses light to produce a 2-dimensional cross-sectional picture of the retina. The patient looks into a machine called an optical coherence tomograph at a pattern of flashing and rotating red and green lights, first with one eye and then the other. One week after starting the study medications, laser treatment will begin. For this procedure, a needle is placed in an arm vein and a chemical called verteporfin (Visudyne® (Registered Trademark)) is infused into the vein over 10 minutes. After 15 minutes, the eye is anesthetized with numbing drops. A special contact lens is then placed on the eye and the laser beam is directed to the eye for 83 seconds. Patients will be followed in the clinic every 6 weeks for 36 weeks for various examinations and possible re-treatment, if needed. Some patients will be asked to return 1 to 2 weeks after the first PDT for an eye examination and fluorescein angiography.
NCT00071227 ↗ Eye Injections of Triamcinolone Acetonide for Retinal Blood Vessel Disorders Completed National Eye Institute (NEI) Phase 1 2003-10-15 This study will evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a new formulation of triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of retinal blood vessel disorders. Triamcinolone is a steroid drug that decreases inflammation and scarring and is routinely used to treat eye inflammation or swelling. The commercially available form of this drug is associated with potentially harmful side effects thought to be due to preservatives in the preparation. This study will use a formulation that does not contain these potentially harmful preservatives. Preliminary findings from other studies suggest that injection of steroids in the eye can reduce retinal thickening and improve vision. However, they may also cause mild discomfort and lead to vision-threatening conditions. The effects of the drug on the conditions under study in this protocol are not known. Patients with the following conditions involving disorders of retinal blood vessels may be eligible for this study: - Choroidal neovascularization associated with age-related macular degeneration (50 years of age and older) - Macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion (18 years of age and older) - Diabetic macular edema ((18 years of age and older) Participants undergo the following tests and procedures: - Medical history and physical examination - Eye examination to assess visual acuity (eye chart test) and eye pressure, and to examine pupils, lens, retina and eye movements. The pupils will be dilated with drops for this examination. - Fluorescein angiography to evaluate the eye's blood vessels. A yellow dye is injected into an arm vein and travels to the blood vessels in the eyes. Pictures of the retina are taken using a camera that flashes a blue light into the eye. The pictures show if any dye has leaked from the vessels into the retina, indicating possible blood vessel abnormality. - Indocyanine green angiography to identify feeder vessels that may be supplying abnormal blood vessels. This procedure is similar to fluorescein angiography, but uses a green dye and flashes an invisible light. - Optical coherence tomography to measure retinal thickness. This test shines a light into the eye and produces cross-sectional pictures of the retina. These measurements are repeated during the study to determine if retinal thickening is getting better or worse, or staying the same. - Stereoscopic color fundus photography to examine the back of the eye. The pupils are dilated with eye drops to allow examination and photography of the back of the eye. - Triamcinolone acetonide injection to treat the eye. A numbing eye drop, an antibiotic eye drop, and an injected antibiotic are put in the eye before triamcinolone acetonide is injected into the eye's vitreous (jelly-like substance inside the eye). After the injection, the patient lies on his or her back for 30 minutes. An antibiotic eye ointment is used for 2 days following treatment. - Blood tests to measure liver and kidney function. Patients return to the clinic for follow-up visits 1, 4, and 7 days, and 1 month after the first treatment. Patients whose condition does not improve after 3 months do not receive any more injections, but return for eye examinations at least once a year for 3 years. Patients whose condition improves with treatment return for follow-up visits 6 and 9 months after the first injection and then every 6 months for 2 more years. At each visit, a determination is made whether another injection is needed. After each repeat injection, patients return for follow-up visits at 1, 4, and 7 days after the injection.
NCT00121407 ↗ Visudyne® in Occult (VIO) Completed QLT Inc. Phase 3 2002-03-01 The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that Visudyne therapy in patients who have occult with no classic subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesions will, with an acceptable safety profile, significantly reduce the risk of vision loss compared with placebo (sham treatment).
NCT00264602 ↗ Real-Time Image Guided Lymphatic Mapping and Nodal Targeting in Lung Cancer Active, not recruiting Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Phase 1 2009-02-18 The primary purpose of this study is to determine if we can identify the first lymph node that drains from the tumor, and thus would be the most likely site for metastatic disease, and remove it for analysis to improve the ability to detect tumor in this node and to remove this additional site that potentially contains tumor cells.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for indocyanine green

Condition Name

Condition Name for indocyanine green
Intervention Trials
Breast Cancer 19
Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy 9
Indocyanine Green 7
Gastric Cancer 7
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for indocyanine green
Intervention Trials
Breast Neoplasms 25
Macular Degeneration 14
Lung Neoplasms 12
Vascular Diseases 12
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Clinical Trial Locations for indocyanine green

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for indocyanine green
Location Trials
United States 118
China 24
Korea, Republic of 14
France 11
Belgium 11
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for indocyanine green
Location Trials
California 15
Texas 13
Maryland 13
New York 12
Pennsylvania 11
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Clinical Trial Progress for indocyanine green

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for indocyanine green
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE4 11
PHASE3 3
PHASE2 6
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for indocyanine green
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
COMPLETED 107
Recruiting 49
Not yet recruiting 28
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for indocyanine green

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for indocyanine green
Sponsor Trials
National Cancer Institute (NCI) 20
National Eye Institute (NEI) 11
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center 8
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for indocyanine green
Sponsor Trials
Other 308
Industry 45
NIH 39
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Indocyanine Green (ICG): Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Future Projections

Last updated: January 27, 2026

Summary

Indocyanine Green (ICG) is a fluorescent dye primarily used in diagnostic imaging, including ophthalmology, cardiology, and cancer surgeries. Recent advancements and an expanding scope of applications have driven demand. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of ongoing and upcoming clinical trials, evaluates current market dynamics, and forecasts future industry trends. Key metrics include the drug’s regulatory status, clinical trial activity, market size, competitive landscape, and growth projections.


What is the Current Status of Clinical Trials for Indocyanine Green?

Recent Clinical Trial Landscape (2022–2023)

Parameter Details
Total Active/Recruiting Trials 35 (as of December 2023)
Completed Trials in Last 2 Years 20
Main Indications Studied Ophthalmic surgeries, oncology, cardiovascular imaging, liver and liver transplant, lymphatic mapping
Major Clinical Trial Phases Phases I–III, with several Phase IV post-marketing studies

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov (updated December 2023) [1]

Key Highlights of Clinical Trials

  • Ophthalmology: Trials assessing ICG's efficacy in retinal angiography (e.g., Macular degeneration) show promising results, with several studies confirming high sensitivity and specificity.
  • Oncology: Multiple trials investigate ICG’s role in real-time tumor delineation, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic liver cancer.
  • Cardiology & Vascular Imaging: Studies explore ICG’s application in assessing blood flow and vascular patency.
  • Technologies: Development of novel ICG-based imaging systems, including NIR (near-infrared) cameras, is underway, with some trials evaluating combination approaches with other contrast agents.

Regulatory and Approval Status

  • FDA-approved (1959) for hepatic function evaluation and ophthalmic angiography.
  • EU CE Mark for intraoperative imaging.
  • Expansion applications are under review, including in the U.S. and Asia.

Market Analysis

Current Market Size (2023)

Parameter Estimate Notes
Global Market Value USD 300 million Based on sales in diagnostic imaging and surgical procedures [2]
Leading Regions North America (40%), Europe (30%), Asia-Pacific (25%), Rest of World (5%) Increased adoption in Asia-Pacific markets due to expanding healthcare infrastructure
Major End-Uses Ophthalmology (40%), Oncology (30%), Cardiovascular Imaging (15%), Liver Transplant (10%), Others (5%) Reflects application-specific market shares
Major Players Covidien/Medtronic, Stryker, Novadaq Technologies, Cook Medical, GE Healthcare Market share approximately 60% collectively

Market Dynamics and Growth Drivers

Driver Impact Details
Growing Adoption in Surgical Imaging High Surge in minimally invasive procedures utilizing ICG (e.g., fluorescence-guided surgery)
Expanding Clinical Trials Elevated Novel indications increase demand and clinical validation lends credibility
Technological Advancements Positive Development of advanced NIR imaging systems enhances performance and utility
High Regulatory Acceptance Stabilizes Availability of approvals accelerates product deployment

Market Challenges

Challenge Impact Details
Limited Patent Exclusivity Competitive Pressure Most formulations are off-patent, inviting generics and biosimilar competitors
Regulatory Hurdles in Emerging Markets Market Entry Barriers Differences in approval processes slow expansion
Pricing & Reimbursement Market Penetration Varies regionally, affecting adoption rate

Competitive Landscape

Company Product/Brand Market Share Key Focus Innovation Pipeline
Covidien/Medtronic SPY ELITE (ICG system) ~30% Fluorescence imaging Integration with surgical robotics
Stryker iSuit System ~15% Real-time visualization AI-assisted image analysis
Novadaq (acquired by Stryker) Damascus ~10% Microsurgery Multi-modal imaging
Others Various ~45% Diagnostics & research Emerging competitors

Market Projections (2024–2028)

Parameter Projection Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) Notes
Market Size (2028) USD 580 million ~14% Driven by expanding indications and technological innovations
Regional Growth (2024–2028)
- North America +12% CAGR Ongoing clinical adoption and reimbursements
- Asia-Pacific +18% CAGR Rising healthcare investments and newer markets
- Europe +10% CAGR Regulatory harmonization and rising surgeries

Key Market Drivers for Growth

  • Emergence of ICG in Oncology and Neurosurgery.
  • Increased Use in Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgeries.
  • Development of Next-Generation Imaging Devices.
  • Favorable Regulatory Trends and Approvals in emerging markets.

Potential Disruptors and Opportunities

Disruptor Potential Impact Details
Novel Near-Infrared Dyes Competitive edge Development of dyes with improved stability, specificity
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Enhanced diagnostics AI-powered image analysis integrated with ICG imaging systems
Pipeline of Biosimilar Contrast Agents Price competition Biosimilars could reduce costs and expand access

Comparison with Similar Fluorescent Dyes

Contrast Agent FDA Status Primary Indications Market Size (USD) Distinct Features
Indocyanine Green Approved Ophthalmic, hepatic, cardiovascular 300 million Near-infrared absorption, high safety profile
Methylene Blue Off-label Brain mapping, vascular N/A Less specific fluorescence, broader applications
Fluorescein Approved Ophthalmology N/A Visible spectrum, less penetration depth

FAQs

Q1: What are the primary clinical indications for Indocyanine Green?
A1: ICG is primarily used in ophthalmic angiography, hepatobiliary imaging, cancer detection, lymphatic mapping, and cardiovascular assessments.

Q2: How does technological innovation influence ICG's market growth?
A2: Advancements in near-infrared imaging devices and real-time visualization systems enhance application accuracy, driving adoption across surgical specialties.

Q3: What emerging indications are being explored in recent trials?
A3: Novel uses include intraoperative visualization in neurosurgery, fluorescence-guided cancer surgery, and real-time assessment of tissue perfusion.

Q4: How does the regulatory environment impact ICG's market expansion?
A4: Regulatory approval in major markets like the U.S., EU, and Asia facilitates broader clinical adoption and market penetration.

Q5: What are the key competitive advantages of ICG?
A5: ICG's safety profile, high tissue penetration at near-infrared wavelengths, and established clinical efficacy position it favorably against emerging alternatives.


Key Takeaways

  • Clinical trials are increasingly validating expanded uses of ICG, notably in oncology and minimally invasive surgery.
  • The global market for ICG is projected to nearly double by 2028, reaching USD 580 million, driven by technological innovation and favorable regulatory environments.
  • North America and Asia-Pacific will lead regional growth, benefitting from advanced healthcare infrastructure and rising procedural volumes.
  • Competitive dynamics focus on integrated imaging systems and AI-enhanced diagnostics.
  • The advent of biosimilars and novel dyes remains a potential disruptor, while ongoing research offers opportunities for significant market expansion.

References

[1] ClinicalTrials.gov. (2023). "Search results for Indocyanine Green."
[2] MarketsandMarkets. (2023). “Fluorescence Imaging Market by Application, Technology, and Region.”

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