Last Updated: June 25, 2026

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR CAFFEINE CITRATE


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All Clinical Trials for caffeine citrate

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00809055 ↗ MRI and Neurodevelopment in Preterm Infants Following Administration of High-Dose Caffeine Completed Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Phase 4 2008-11-01 Over the last 30 years the survival rates for babies born prematurely have improved greatly with research. As these babies grow up, we have found that many of the premature babies have learning and movement problems. The purpose of this research is to learn why premature infants are at risk for learning disabilities and movement problems later in childhood and whether this is changed by caffeine therapy. Caffeine is often used in premature babies to help them to breathe on their own. Nearly all babies born before 30 weeks gestation receive caffeine while they are in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Scientists have shown that caffeine therapy given to premature babies reduces their disabilities. We will use brain monitoring, including electro-encephalogram (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to understand how the brain of a premature baby develops and whether caffeine in high doses enhances protection of the developing brain. Just as we monitor the heart and lungs to improve our care of premature babies, we wish to monitor the brain so that we can understand how to improve our care for the brain.
NCT00809055 ↗ MRI and Neurodevelopment in Preterm Infants Following Administration of High-Dose Caffeine Completed Washington University School of Medicine Phase 4 2008-11-01 Over the last 30 years the survival rates for babies born prematurely have improved greatly with research. As these babies grow up, we have found that many of the premature babies have learning and movement problems. The purpose of this research is to learn why premature infants are at risk for learning disabilities and movement problems later in childhood and whether this is changed by caffeine therapy. Caffeine is often used in premature babies to help them to breathe on their own. Nearly all babies born before 30 weeks gestation receive caffeine while they are in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Scientists have shown that caffeine therapy given to premature babies reduces their disabilities. We will use brain monitoring, including electro-encephalogram (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to understand how the brain of a premature baby develops and whether caffeine in high doses enhances protection of the developing brain. Just as we monitor the heart and lungs to improve our care of premature babies, we wish to monitor the brain so that we can understand how to improve our care for the brain.
NCT01408173 ↗ Clinical Study of Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity Completed Nobelpharma Phase 3 2011-08-01 The aim of the present Phase III study is to evaluate the safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of Caffeine Citrate for treatment of apnea of prematurity in Japan.
NCT01435486 ↗ Caffeine Citrate for the Treatment of Apnea Associated With Bronchiolitis in Young Infants Completed Hamad Medical Corporation N/A 2011-11-01 Viral bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection of infancy. Apnea is a complication of bronchiolitis, reported in 16 - 21% of cases. Caffeine, a trimethylxanthine, acts as an antagonist to endogenous adenosine and a potent central nervous system stimulant. In apnea of prematurity, caffeine is believed to work by increasing central respiratory drive. Infants ≤4 months of age, presenting to pediatric emergency center Al-Sadd, from September 2011 to May 2014, with a diagnosis of viral bronchiolitis associated with apnea. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with a sample size of 45 patients per group Data Collection methods, instruments used measurements: Randomization: In the emergency department, the patients will be assigned to either one of the two treatments using a computer-generated randomized numbers in a 1:1 ratio. Pharmacy will prepare sequential sealed vials containing the experimental drugs. Randomization code will be revealed only after all patients completed the study. The medical team in addition to the patients will be blinded to the medication delivered. There will be no detectable difference in the color, smell of the two study treatments. Guardians or parents of eligible infants will be approached regarding the study, explaining the purpose and the treatment modalities. Patients will be included after obtaining a verbal and written consent. Study Intervention: Treatment 1: Single stat dose (25 mg per kilogram of body weight) of intravenous caffeine citrate (25mg caffeine citrate equal to 12.5mg caffeine base). Treatment 2: Placebo with an equivalent volume of normal saline. Calculated study medications will be diluted with Dextrose 5% in Water to 20 ml and will be given intravenous over 30 minutes using syringe infusion pump. After random assignment, eligible infants will receive one of the study treatments. Non-pharmacological therapies may be used as necessary to control apnea. Antibiotics and antipyretics may be used as per the discretion of the treating physician. After stabilization of patients as usually done in Pediatric Emergency Center , patients will be admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for further monitoring monitoring when indicated.
NCT01751724 ↗ Caffeine to Reduce Mechanical Ventilation in Preterm Infants Terminated University of Miami N/A 2012-12-01 Most premature infants require mechanical ventilation for prolonged periods of time and a significant proportion of them develop Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD). Caffeine is a stimulant of the respiratory center and has been used for the treatment of Apnea of Prematurity in infants not requiring mechanical ventilation or to facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation by starting therapy shortly before extubation. Recently the use of Caffeine in ventilated infants has been initiated earlier because of the reported reduction in BPD. However there is paucity of data supporting this practice. Because protracted mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen increase the risk of developing BPD, a therapy that would facilitate the reduction of the respiratory support and shorten its duration is desirable. Therefore, it is of importance to evaluate the effects of early Caffeine initiation and administration during the course of mechanical ventilation in preterm infants by means of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hypothesis: The primary hypothesis of this study is that early use of caffeine in mechanically ventilated preterm infants will reduce the time to first elective extubation and secondarily, that this will reduce the total duration of mechanical ventilation and oxygen supplementation, and reduce the incidence and severity of BPD. Objective: The objective of this trial is to evaluate the effects of early caffeine use during mechanical ventilation on the time to first elective extubation, total duration of mechanical ventilation and oxygen supplementation, and the incidence of BPD. Study Design: This will be a single-center prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Population: Premature neonates born between 23 and 30 completed weeks of gestation, who require mechanical ventilation within the first 5 days of life will be enrolled. Infants with major congenital anomalies or small for gestational age will be excluded. Methods: Infants will be randomized within the first 5 days to receive a study drug consisting of either blinded Caffeine citrate or blinded Placebo (equivalent volume of normal saline). Infants will continue to receive the study drug until the first elective extubation.
NCT01783561 ↗ Early Versus Routine Caffeine Administration in Extremely Preterm Neonates Completed Sharp HealthCare Phase 4 2013-10-01 Premature infants are at risk of having pauses in breathing, or apneas, due to their immaturity. Premature infants are routinely given caffeine, a respiratory stimulant, on the first day of life to prevent apneas. However, if they continue to have apneas, they may require a breathing tube to be placed in the trachea. There are risks to having a breathing tube, so it would be beneficial to avoid it if possible. If caffeine is given earlier, it may decrease the need for a breathing tube. Some studies also suggest that caffeine may also improve heart function which may prevent low blood pressure if given early.
NCT01875159 ↗ Effects of Caffeine on Intermittent Hypoxia in Infants Born Preterm Completed American SIDS Institute Phase 3 2010-07-01 The purpose of this pilot study is to document the extent to which intermittent hypoxia persists beyond the age of discontinuing clinical methylxanthine, and will assess the effect of caffeine treatment on the number of intermittent hypoxia episodes and the total number of seconds with a hemoglobin oxygen saturation (HbO2 SAT) below 90%.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for caffeine citrate

Condition Name

Condition Name for caffeine citrate
Intervention Trials
Apnea of Prematurity 10
Caffeine 5
Apnea 4
Respiratory Failure 2
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for caffeine citrate
Intervention Trials
Premature Birth 11
Apnea 10
Hypoxia 3
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn 3
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Clinical Trial Locations for caffeine citrate

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for caffeine citrate
Location Trials
United States 37
Egypt 4
Saudi Arabia 3
Japan 3
United Kingdom 2
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for caffeine citrate
Location Trials
California 5
Illinois 3
North Carolina 3
New York 2
Maryland 2
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Clinical Trial Progress for caffeine citrate

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for caffeine citrate
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE4 3
PHASE2 4
PHASE1 4
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for caffeine citrate
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 17
Recruiting 8
Not yet recruiting 5
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for caffeine citrate

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for caffeine citrate
Sponsor Trials
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) 7
University of Chicago 4
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 2
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for caffeine citrate
Sponsor Trials
Other 59
NIH 12
Industry 4
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Last updated: May 20, 2026

Caffeine Citrate Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Exclusivity/Patent Landscape Projection (2026)

Caffeine citrate is a neonatal respiratory stimulant used primarily for apnea of prematurity. Current commercial impact is driven by hospital formularies and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) utilization rather than broad ambulatory demand. Patent and exclusivity risk is generally lower than for small-molecule chronic therapies because the dominant use remains a defined inpatient indication, with a concentrated set of marketed presentations and dosing regimens.

No complete, citation-grade clinical-trials status and market sizing/projection package can be produced from the information available in this prompt alone.

What is the current clinical trial status for caffeine citrate in apnea of prematurity?

Featured-snippet level: Caffeine citrate clinical activity is typically concentrated in NICU outcomes (apnea resolution, oxygen requirement, extubation timing), dosing comparisons (loading vs maintenance), and safety follow-up in preterm infants. This prompt does not provide trial identifiers, sponsors, or ongoing study registries, so a factual “update” with dates, endpoints, and topline results cannot be generated.

Which sponsors run caffeine citrate trials in preterm apnea?

This information is not present in the prompt, so sponsor-level updates cannot be stated.

What endpoints do current caffeine citrate studies use (e.g., BPD, neurodevelopment)?

This information is not present in the prompt, so endpoint-specific trial updates cannot be stated.

Are there pediatric neonatology trials for alternative dosing or formulations?

This information is not present in the prompt, so formulation and dosing-optimization updates cannot be stated.

How big is the caffeine citrate market, and what is the 2026–2031 projection?

Featured-snippet level: Market demand tracks NICU admissions for preterm infants, uptake of evidence-based apnea management protocols, and competitive pricing in hospital distribution. This prompt does not contain data needed to produce defensible market sizing, CAGR, or projection ranges with citations.

How do hospital buying patterns affect caffeine citrate revenue?

This prompt lacks procurement and reimbursement data for NICUs, so a quantified analysis cannot be produced.

What is the geographic market split for caffeine citrate (US vs EU vs emerging markets)?

This prompt provides no regional sales or channel data, so a split cannot be stated.

What is the role of tendering and GPO contracts in pricing?

This prompt provides no pricing or contract data, so pricing mechanics cannot be quantified.

What patents protect caffeine citrate, and when do they expire?

Featured-snippet level: For an older, widely used off-patent therapy, exclusivity usually depends on specific drug product patents, pediatric exclusivity, and any formulation or method-of-use patents tied to a marketed dosing regimen. This prompt provides no patent numbers, assignees, or jurisdictions, so an exclusivity timeline cannot be created.

How many patents cover caffeine citrate drug substance and product (US Orange Book)?

This prompt does not provide Orange Book identifiers, so coverage counts cannot be stated.

When does caffeine citrate lose exclusivity by indication and formulation?

This prompt provides no FDA approval dates, patent expiry dates, or exclusivity codes.

What formulation patents affect injectable caffeine citrate concentration and dosing?

This prompt provides no formulation patent data.

What generic entry risks exist for caffeine citrate (US Paragraph IV, labeling, and product switching)?

Featured-snippet level: Entry risk for a hospital-administered neonatal injectable depends on (1) product-specific patent barriers, (2) whether Orange Book-listed patents block approval, and (3) whether substitution is clinically and operationally feasible in NICUs. This prompt includes no FDA litigation or Paragraph IV history.

Have any Paragraph IV challenges been filed for caffeine citrate products?

This prompt provides no litigation records.

What settlement agreements exist that could delay generic launch?

This prompt provides no settlement data.

What biosimilar risk exists for caffeine citrate?

Caffeine citrate is a small molecule; biosimilar frameworks generally do not apply in the same way as biologics, but this prompt does not include regulatory context for any non-biologic pathway.

What FDA regulatory status applies to caffeine citrate products (NDA/ANDA, labeling, and administration)?

Featured-snippet level: In the US, caffeine citrate is approved for apnea of prematurity via specific NDA/labeling frameworks. This prompt does not include the relevant NDA number, supplement history, or label text, so a factual regulatory status cannot be produced.

What is the Orange Book status of caffeine citrate?

This prompt provides no Orange Book listings.

Are there REMS, special handling, or pediatric labeling restrictions?

This prompt provides no label restrictions.

What manufacturing/IP barriers can block supply or substitution?

This prompt provides no manufacturing patent or supply-chain constraints.

How does caffeine citrate compare with alternative therapies for apnea of prematurity (theophylline, CPAP strategies)?

Featured-snippet level: Clinical pathways for apnea of prematurity often combine pharmacologic stimulation (caffeine citrate or theophylline) with respiratory support measures (CPAP, ventilation strategies). This prompt does not include comparative trial results or payer formularies, so a data-driven comparison cannot be completed.

Does caffeine citrate improve outcomes vs theophylline in NICU practice?

This prompt provides no trial data.

Are there head-to-head dosing comparisons that change clinical practice?

This prompt provides no dosing comparison data.

What barriers exist to switching NICU protocols from caffeine citrate to alternatives?

This prompt provides no protocol adoption or switching data.

Key Takeaways

  • Caffeine citrate demand is driven by NICU utilization and guideline-based inpatient use for apnea of prematurity.
  • A defensible clinical-trials update and market projection require specific registry, NDA/ANDA, Orange Book, patent, and sales datasets; none are provided in the prompt, so no citation-grade update can be produced.
  • Patent and exclusivity risk is typically product- and jurisdiction-specific; without Orange Book and patent identifiers, no expiry or generic entry scenario can be stated.

FAQs

  1. What ongoing NCT trials are recruiting for caffeine citrate in preterm apnea and what are their primary endpoints?
  2. Which caffeine citrate injection strengths and presentations are currently marketed in the US and EU?
  3. What Orange Book patents are listed for the approved caffeine citrate product and what are their expiration dates?
  4. Have any generic manufacturers filed ANDAs or Paragraph IV certifications for caffeine citrate, and what were the outcomes?
  5. How do NICU protocols influence uptake, dosing patterns, and continuity of caffeine citrate treatment?

References (APA)

  1. (No sources were provided in the prompt, and no external registry, Orange Book, litigation, or market dataset can be cited from within this response.)

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