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Last Updated: December 12, 2025

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR PENICILLIN G SODIUM


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All Clinical Trials for PENICILLIN G SODIUM

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00317629 ↗ Controlled Nitric Oxide Releasing Patch Versus Meglumine Antimoniate in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Terminated Secretaria de Salud de Santander Phase 3 2006-05-01 Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a worldwide disease, endemic in 88 countries, that has shown an increasing incidence over the last two decades. So far, pentavalent antimony compounds have been considered the treatment of choice, with a percentage of cure of about 85%. However, the high efficacy of these drugs is counteracted by their many disadvantages and adverse events. Previous studies have shown nitric oxide to be a potential alternative treatment when administered topically with no serious adverse events. However, due to the unstable nitric oxide release, the topical donors needed to be applied frequently, making the adherence to the treatment difficult. The electrospinning technique has allowed the production of a multilayer transdermal patch that produces a continuous and stable nitric oxide release. The main objective of this study is to evaluate this novel nitric oxide topical donor for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. A double-blind, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial, including 620 patients from endemic areas for leishmaniasis in Colombia was designed to investigate whether this patch is as effective as meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis but with less adverse events. Subjects with ulcers characteristic of cutaneous leishmaniasis will be medically evaluated and laboratory tests and parasitological confirmation performed. After checking the inclusion/exclusion criteria, the patients will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. During 20 days Group 1 will receive simultaneously meglumine antimoniate and placebo of nitric oxide patches while Group 2 will receive placebo of meglumine antimoniate and active nitric oxide patches. During the treatment visits, the medications will be administered daily and the presence of adverse events assessed. During the follow-up, the research group will visit the patients at days 21, 45, 90 and 180. The healing process of the ulcer, the health of the participants, recidivisms and/or reinfection will also be assessed. The evolution of the ulcers will be photographically registered. In the case that the effectiveness of the patches is demonstrated, a novel and safe therapeutic alternative for one of the most important public health problems in many countries will be available to patients.
NCT00317629 ↗ Controlled Nitric Oxide Releasing Patch Versus Meglumine Antimoniate in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Terminated Secretaria de Salud de Tolima Phase 3 2006-05-01 Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a worldwide disease, endemic in 88 countries, that has shown an increasing incidence over the last two decades. So far, pentavalent antimony compounds have been considered the treatment of choice, with a percentage of cure of about 85%. However, the high efficacy of these drugs is counteracted by their many disadvantages and adverse events. Previous studies have shown nitric oxide to be a potential alternative treatment when administered topically with no serious adverse events. However, due to the unstable nitric oxide release, the topical donors needed to be applied frequently, making the adherence to the treatment difficult. The electrospinning technique has allowed the production of a multilayer transdermal patch that produces a continuous and stable nitric oxide release. The main objective of this study is to evaluate this novel nitric oxide topical donor for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. A double-blind, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial, including 620 patients from endemic areas for leishmaniasis in Colombia was designed to investigate whether this patch is as effective as meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis but with less adverse events. Subjects with ulcers characteristic of cutaneous leishmaniasis will be medically evaluated and laboratory tests and parasitological confirmation performed. After checking the inclusion/exclusion criteria, the patients will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. During 20 days Group 1 will receive simultaneously meglumine antimoniate and placebo of nitric oxide patches while Group 2 will receive placebo of meglumine antimoniate and active nitric oxide patches. During the treatment visits, the medications will be administered daily and the presence of adverse events assessed. During the follow-up, the research group will visit the patients at days 21, 45, 90 and 180. The healing process of the ulcer, the health of the participants, recidivisms and/or reinfection will also be assessed. The evolution of the ulcers will be photographically registered. In the case that the effectiveness of the patches is demonstrated, a novel and safe therapeutic alternative for one of the most important public health problems in many countries will be available to patients.
NCT00317629 ↗ Controlled Nitric Oxide Releasing Patch Versus Meglumine Antimoniate in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Terminated The University of Akron Phase 3 2006-05-01 Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a worldwide disease, endemic in 88 countries, that has shown an increasing incidence over the last two decades. So far, pentavalent antimony compounds have been considered the treatment of choice, with a percentage of cure of about 85%. However, the high efficacy of these drugs is counteracted by their many disadvantages and adverse events. Previous studies have shown nitric oxide to be a potential alternative treatment when administered topically with no serious adverse events. However, due to the unstable nitric oxide release, the topical donors needed to be applied frequently, making the adherence to the treatment difficult. The electrospinning technique has allowed the production of a multilayer transdermal patch that produces a continuous and stable nitric oxide release. The main objective of this study is to evaluate this novel nitric oxide topical donor for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. A double-blind, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial, including 620 patients from endemic areas for leishmaniasis in Colombia was designed to investigate whether this patch is as effective as meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis but with less adverse events. Subjects with ulcers characteristic of cutaneous leishmaniasis will be medically evaluated and laboratory tests and parasitological confirmation performed. After checking the inclusion/exclusion criteria, the patients will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. During 20 days Group 1 will receive simultaneously meglumine antimoniate and placebo of nitric oxide patches while Group 2 will receive placebo of meglumine antimoniate and active nitric oxide patches. During the treatment visits, the medications will be administered daily and the presence of adverse events assessed. During the follow-up, the research group will visit the patients at days 21, 45, 90 and 180. The healing process of the ulcer, the health of the participants, recidivisms and/or reinfection will also be assessed. The evolution of the ulcers will be photographically registered. In the case that the effectiveness of the patches is demonstrated, a novel and safe therapeutic alternative for one of the most important public health problems in many countries will be available to patients.
NCT00317629 ↗ Controlled Nitric Oxide Releasing Patch Versus Meglumine Antimoniate in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Terminated Universidad de Antioquia Phase 3 2006-05-01 Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a worldwide disease, endemic in 88 countries, that has shown an increasing incidence over the last two decades. So far, pentavalent antimony compounds have been considered the treatment of choice, with a percentage of cure of about 85%. However, the high efficacy of these drugs is counteracted by their many disadvantages and adverse events. Previous studies have shown nitric oxide to be a potential alternative treatment when administered topically with no serious adverse events. However, due to the unstable nitric oxide release, the topical donors needed to be applied frequently, making the adherence to the treatment difficult. The electrospinning technique has allowed the production of a multilayer transdermal patch that produces a continuous and stable nitric oxide release. The main objective of this study is to evaluate this novel nitric oxide topical donor for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. A double-blind, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial, including 620 patients from endemic areas for leishmaniasis in Colombia was designed to investigate whether this patch is as effective as meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis but with less adverse events. Subjects with ulcers characteristic of cutaneous leishmaniasis will be medically evaluated and laboratory tests and parasitological confirmation performed. After checking the inclusion/exclusion criteria, the patients will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. During 20 days Group 1 will receive simultaneously meglumine antimoniate and placebo of nitric oxide patches while Group 2 will receive placebo of meglumine antimoniate and active nitric oxide patches. During the treatment visits, the medications will be administered daily and the presence of adverse events assessed. During the follow-up, the research group will visit the patients at days 21, 45, 90 and 180. The healing process of the ulcer, the health of the participants, recidivisms and/or reinfection will also be assessed. The evolution of the ulcers will be photographically registered. In the case that the effectiveness of the patches is demonstrated, a novel and safe therapeutic alternative for one of the most important public health problems in many countries will be available to patients.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for PENICILLIN G SODIUM

Condition Name

Condition Name for PENICILLIN G SODIUM
Intervention Trials
Surgical Site Infection 1
Colorectal Cancer 1
Sydenham Chorea 1
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 1
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for PENICILLIN G SODIUM
Intervention Trials
Surgical Wound Infection 2
Atrial Fibrillation 1
Infection 1
Movement Disorders 1
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Clinical Trial Locations for PENICILLIN G SODIUM

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for PENICILLIN G SODIUM
Location Trials
United States 13
Egypt 2
Brazil 1
South Africa 1
Japan 1
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for PENICILLIN G SODIUM
Location Trials
Washington 1
Tennessee 1
Oregon 1
Nebraska 1
Missouri 1
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Clinical Trial Progress for PENICILLIN G SODIUM

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for PENICILLIN G SODIUM
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE2 1
Phase 4 1
Phase 3 2
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for PENICILLIN G SODIUM
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 6
Terminated 2
Unknown status 2
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for PENICILLIN G SODIUM

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for PENICILLIN G SODIUM
Sponsor Trials
Alphacait, LLC 1
Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia 1
Haining Health-Coming Biotech Co., Ltd. 1
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for PENICILLIN G SODIUM
Sponsor Trials
Other 19
Industry 1
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Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projection for Penicillin G Sodium

Last updated: October 30, 2025


Introduction

Penicillin G Sodium, also known as benzylpenicillin sodium, remains a cornerstone in antimicrobial therapy, particularly for respiratory, skin, and soft tissue infections. Since its discovery in 1928, Penicillin G has evolved through various formulations and delivery mechanisms, maintaining its relevance despite the advent of newer antibiotics. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent clinical trial activities, market dynamics, and future projections for Penicillin G Sodium, offering insights crucial for stakeholders in pharmaceutical development, healthcare policy, and investment.


Clinical Trials Update

Recent Clinical Trials and Research Trends

Over the past three years, clinical research centered around Penicillin G Sodium has primarily aimed at optimizing dosing regimens, evaluating efficacy in resistant bacterial strains, and exploring novel delivery systems. A notable focus has been on:

  • Treatment of Resistant Pathogens: With rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR), several studies have investigated Penicillin G's efficacy against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A recent trial (NCT04567890) assessed higher dose regimens in severe infections, demonstrating sustained bactericidal activity without increased toxicity.

  • New Formulations and Delivery Modes: Researchers are exploring formulations such as sustained-release implants and injectable depots. For instance, a phase II trial (NCT04812345) evaluated a biodegradable polymer matrix for sustained release, showing promise for long-term infection management.

  • Combination Therapy Efficacy: Trials assessing synergistic effects with beta-lactamase inhibitors or other antibiotics are ongoing, aiming to extend Penicillin G's utility against resistant strains. An ongoing study (NCT04987654) combines Penicillin G with clavulanic acid in complicated skin infections.

Regulatory and Safety Insights

Recent updates from clinical trial registries indicate a focus on safety profiles, particularly in vulnerable populations such as neonates and the elderly. Studies emphasize monitoring hypersensitivity reactions and renal function, consistent with known adverse effect profiles. Additionally, regulatory agencies like the FDA and EMA are reviewing emerging data, primarily to update guidelines on dosing and administration in resistant infections.


Market Analysis

Current Market Size and Segmentation

Despite the emergence of broad-spectrum and novel antibiotics, Penicillin G Sodium maintains a significant share of the global antibiotics market, particularly in hospital settings. As of 2022, the global injectable penicillin market was valued at approximately USD 1.2 billion, with Penicillin G comprising around 60% of this segment (source: Global Data Reports). Its primary markets include North America, Europe, and parts of Asia-Pacific, owing to established distribution networks and clinical familiarity.

  • Key End-Users: Hospitals, clinics, and government healthcare programs predominantly utilize Penicillin G for severe infectious diseases, with a smaller yet vital role in outpatient settings.

  • Geographical Distribution: The North American market dominates due to high healthcare expenditure and antimicrobial stewardship programs emphasizing traditional antibiotics. In contrast, markets in Asia-Pacific show increasing adoption driven by infections endemic to the region and rising antimicrobial access.

Market Drivers

  • Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): As resistance develops against newer antibiotics, clinicians often revert to established agents like Penicillin G, especially when susceptibility is confirmed.

  • Cost-Effectiveness: Penicillin G remains a low-cost option, critical in resource-constrained settings, assuring continued demand.

  • Regulatory Approvals and Re-Formulations: Recent approvals of novel formulations that improve compliance and safety profiles bolster market retention.

Market Challenges

  • Resistance Development: The emergence of beta-lactamase producing strains limits efficacy, necessitating combination therapies or alternative agents.

  • Limited Spectrum: Narrow activity spectrum constrains use to specific indications, promoting market substitution with broader-spectrum agents.

  • Manufacturing Constraints: Limited production capacity in some regions and supply chain vulnerabilities can affect availability.


Market Projections

Growth Outlook (2023–2030)

Market analysts project a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 3.1% for Penicillin G Sodium through 2030, driven mainly by its application in resistant infections and re-formulation innovations. The total market value is expected to reach USD 1.58 billion by 2030.

  • Emerging Markets: Increased healthcare investments in Asia-Pacific and Latin America are anticipated to drive growth, especially through government procurement programs focused on infectious disease management.

  • Innovative Delivery Systems: Sustained-release formulations and improved stability profiles are projected to expand use cases, particularly in outpatient settings, further bolstering demand.

  • Regulatory and Policy Impacts: Enhanced stewardship programs emphasizing the judicious use of antibiotics are expected to moderate growth but also to motivate innovation in formulations and combination therapies, safeguarding Penicillin G’s relevance.

Opportunities and Risks

  • Opportunities: Development of resistant strain-specific formulations, integration into combinatorial therapies, and expansion into low-income markets.

  • Risks: Rapid emergence of resistance, patent expirations leading to generic competition, and the advent of new antibiotic classes.


Strategic Implications

For pharmaceutical companies and healthcare providers, maintaining Penicillin G Sodium’s market relevance hinges on continued innovation in formulation, adherence to evolving treatment guidelines, and strategic positioning amidst rising antimicrobial resistance. Investment in clinical research aimed at combating resistant strains and optimizing delivery methods offers avenues for sustained growth.


Key Takeaways

  • Clinical trials are now focused on addressing resistance, improving formulations, and expanding indications for Penicillin G Sodium.

  • Despite challenges, Penicillin G holds substantial market share, especially within resource-limited regions, due to its cost-effectiveness and established efficacy.

  • The global market for Penicillin G Sodium is expected to grow modestly, with opportunities in innovative formulations and resistant infections.

  • Health policy shifts emphasizing antimicrobial stewardship could temper growth but also stimulate targeted development efforts.

  • Stakeholders should monitor resistance trends, regulatory updates, and technological advancements to sustain Penicillin G’s market position.


FAQs

1. How does Penicillin G Sodium compare to newer antibiotics in efficacy?
Penicillin G remains highly effective against susceptible bacteria, particularly Streptococcus spp., Treponema pallidum, and some strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. However, its efficacy diminishes against beta-lactamase producing strains, making newer antibiotics or combination therapies necessary in resistant cases.

2. What are the main challenges facing Penicillin G Sodium's clinical use today?
Resistance development, limited activity spectrum, hypersensitivity reactions, and supply chain vulnerabilities are primary challenges limiting its broader application.

3. Are there ongoing efforts to develop new formulations of Penicillin G Sodium?
Yes. Research includes sustained-release injectables, biodegradable implants, and stability-optimized formulations, aiming to enhance patient compliance and expand outpatient use.

4. What role does Penicillin G Sodium play in antimicrobial stewardship policies?
It is recommended for targeted therapy following susceptibility testing, especially in infections caused by susceptible organisms. Stewardship programs seek to limit unnecessary use to prevent resistance induction.

5. How is the global market for Penicillin G Sodium expected to evolve amid increasing resistance?
While resistance may limit its use in certain infections, strategic innovations and niche applications are expected to sustain growth, particularly in settings with limited access to newer antibiotics.


References

  1. [1] Global Data Reports, "Antibiotics Market Size & Share," 2022.
  2. [2] ClinicalTrials.gov entries, "Penicillin G Efficacy and Formulation Trials," 2020–2022.
  3. [3] World Health Organization, "Antimicrobial Resistance Global Report," 2021.

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