CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE

505(b)(2) Clinical Trials for LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE

This table shows clinical trials for potential 505(b)(2) applications. See the next table for all clinical trials

Trial Type	Trial ID	Title	Status	Sponsor	Phase	Start Date	Summary
OTC	NCT00262145 ↗	Ability of a Tea Leaf Extracts Preparation to Slow Down Carbohydrate and Fat Absorption	Completed	NatureGen	Phase 1	2005-10-01	Objective - A variety of herbal, over-the-counter preparations of tea leaves are said to reduce the rate of absorption of fat ( allegedly via inhibition of pancreatic lipase) and carbohydrate (via inhibition of carbohydrate digestion and blocking of glucose transport by the intestinal mucosa). There has been some study of the ability of these products to reduce the blood glucose increase observed after a carbohydrate meal and to reduce blood cholesterol levels in chronic studies. The purpose of the present study is to objectively determine if one cup of "tea" made from a combination of three types of tea leaves (mulberry, black and green tea) can cause malabsorption of carbohydrate and fat taken in conjunction with the tea. Research Design - The study will consist of a double blind, placebo controlled crossover study in 20 healthy subjects. On one of two days (one week apart) the subjects will ingest a standard meal consisting of 30 g of sucrose (in the tea) and 30 g of starch in the form of white rice plus 10 g of fat as butter. To measure triglyceride absorption, each meal will also contain 250 mg of 13-C labeled triolein. Triolein is a commonly ingested fat consisting of glycerol bound to three oleic acids. 13-C is a stable (non-radioactive) isotope of carbon. On one of the test days the subjects (randomly) will concurrently consume the active preparation, a tea containing extracts of the three types of tea leave described above plus the meal, and on the other test day they will consume the meal with a liquid placebo preparation (warm water, sugar and food coloring). Subjects will provide a breath sample before and at hourly intervals for 8 hours after ingestion of the meal. Carbohydrate malabsorption will be determined by the hydrogen concentration in the breath samples and fat malabsorption by the concentration of 13-CO2 in the breath samples. Clinical Significance - An increase in breath hydrogen indicates carbohydrate malabsoption and a low 13-CO2 indicates lipid malabsorption. Objective evidence that the tea leaf extract actually induces carbohydrate and/or fat malabsorption could provide the basis for further studies.
New Dosage	NCT00858936 ↗	Reduction of Ischemia-Reperfusion Mediated Cardiac Injury in Subjects Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery	Terminated	Mallinckrodt	Phase 2	2009-05-01	This clinical trial will investigate the safety and effectiveness of IK-1001 (the liquid form of sodium sulfide) when used in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) patients to potentially reduce the damage done to the heart during surgery. This study has 2 parts. Part 1 will first test 36 subjects at different doses (amount) of the study drug. There will be 6 different groups of 6 subjects each that will receive the study drug or a placebo. A placebo is a substance that will be prepared to look like the study drug but will contain no active ingredients. In Part 1, five subjects from each group will receive study drug (IK-1001) and one will receive a placebo. This first part of this study is also a dose (amount) escalation. This means that each group will be receiving a different dose of the study drug. The first group will receive the lowest dose, the second group will receive a slightly higher dose, and the third group a slightly higher dose until all six groups has been tested. You can not choose which group you will be in but prior to starting each new dose level, the data (information) from the previous dose level will have been reviewed by a group of qualified individuals to determine if it is safe to proceed to the next highest dose level. Part 2 will expand the study and will treat at least 158 (and up to 632) more subjects at a dose level that has been deemed safe from information collected from Part 1. Subjects in Part 2 of the study will have a 1 in 2 (50%) chance of receiving the study drug or placebo. Whether the subject gets study drug or the placebo will be randomly assigned (like the toss of a coin). The study drug or placebo will be given as an intravenous infusion (into the vein) for six hours while the subject is having their CABG surgery. The subjects will be followed up for 6 months after their CABG surgery.
OTC	NCT00894634 ↗	Study Evaluating Brompheniramine Maleate Liquid in Children and Adolescents	Completed	Wyeth is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer	Phase 1	2009-03-21	The objective of this study is to characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of brompheniramine maleate (BROM) in children and adolescents, ages 2 to less than 18 years following dosing in accordance with current weight-age dosing guidelines. Once characterized, the PK data will be pooled with adult PK data from other studies and analyzed under a separate analysis plan to confirm or refine the existing OTC doses in children aged 2 to
New Formulation	NCT01267201 ↗	A Study Comparing Drug Availability Of Methylprednisolone In Liquid Form Versus Methylprednisolone In Tablet Form	Completed	Pfizer	Phase 1	2010-11-01	A new formulation of methylprednisolone is being developed. A study is needed to determine the drug availability using the new formulation, a powder for reconstitution into a suspension, versus the current commercially available tablet formulation in healthy volunteers.
New Dosage	NCT01323010 ↗	Efficacy and Safety of Increasing Doses of Inhaled Albuterol in Children With Acute Wheezing Episodes	Completed	Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo	N/A	2011-09-01	Metered dose inhalers with spacers are devices capable of providing higher rates of lung deposition of drugs such as beta agonists when compared to conventional nebulizers, but there is no consensus about the optimal dose when this is the device of choice and there is evidence that younger children need proportionally higher doses of albuterol (in μg/kg) when compared to older children. Other factors that may interfere with response to albuterol treatment include the genetics of the beta adrenergic receptor (ADRβ2) and infectious etiology of the wheezing attack. This study will assess the effectiveness of a dose regimen that prioritizes higher doses of albuterol, with doses in μg/kg higher for younger children. Security of this new dosing regimen will be assessed by monitoring clinical side effects and serum levels of albuterol, but the investigators will also examine the presence of 12 different respiratory viruses in these patients and evaluate the influence of ADRβ2 receptor genetics in the response to albuterol. The primary outcome measure will be the need for hospitalization. Secondary outcomes will include a change in clinical score, respiratory rate and forced expiratory volume in the first second, the need for additional treatments and length of stay in the emergency room for those not hospitalized.
New Dosage	NCT01323010 ↗	Efficacy and Safety of Increasing Doses of Inhaled Albuterol in Children With Acute Wheezing Episodes	Completed	University of Sao Paulo	N/A	2011-09-01	Metered dose inhalers with spacers are devices capable of providing higher rates of lung deposition of drugs such as beta agonists when compared to conventional nebulizers, but there is no consensus about the optimal dose when this is the device of choice and there is evidence that younger children need proportionally higher doses of albuterol (in μg/kg) when compared to older children. Other factors that may interfere with response to albuterol treatment include the genetics of the beta adrenergic receptor (ADRβ2) and infectious etiology of the wheezing attack. This study will assess the effectiveness of a dose regimen that prioritizes higher doses of albuterol, with doses in μg/kg higher for younger children. Security of this new dosing regimen will be assessed by monitoring clinical side effects and serum levels of albuterol, but the investigators will also examine the presence of 12 different respiratory viruses in these patients and evaluate the influence of ADRβ2 receptor genetics in the response to albuterol. The primary outcome measure will be the need for hospitalization. Secondary outcomes will include a change in clinical score, respiratory rate and forced expiratory volume in the first second, the need for additional treatments and length of stay in the emergency room for those not hospitalized.
OTC	NCT01451918 ↗	Regulation of Intestinal and Hepatic Lipoprotein Secretion by Resveratrol	Completed	Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)	Phase 2	2011-10-01	Resveratrol, an ingredient of red wine and available in Canada in highly purified form as an over-the-counter health supplement, has been shown to have a number of health benefits. Data from in vitro and animal studies suggest that it has beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and lipid lowering. The investigators are not aware, however, of any mechanistic studies that have examined the effect of highly purified resveratrol in vivo on lipoprotein metabolism in humans. Given the potential therapeutic benefit of resveratrol in correcting the metabolic abnormalities of insulin resistant individuals the investigators plan to examine the effects of resveratrol on intestinal and hepatic lipoprotein production in humans.

All Clinical Trials for LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE

Trial ID	Title	Status	Sponsor	Phase	Start Date	Summary
NCT00000140 ↗	The Silicone Study	Completed	National Eye Institute (NEI)	Phase 3	1985-09-01	To compare, through a randomized, multicenter surgical trial, the postoperative tamponade effectiveness of intraocular silicone oil with that of an intraocular long-acting gas (initially sulfur hexafluoride [SF 6 ], later perfluoropropane [C 3 F 8 ]) for the management of retinal detachment complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), using vitrectomy and associated techniques. To evaluate the ocular complications that result from the use of silicone oil and gas.
NCT00000302 ↗	Study Comparing Liquid and Tablet Buprenorphine Formulations - 5	Completed	National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)	Phase 3	1969-12-31	The purpose of this study is to compare liquid and tablet buprenorphine formulations.
NCT00000320 ↗	Buprenorphine Formulation Comparison: Sublingual Tablet vs. Solution - 1	Completed	National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)	Phase 1/Phase 2	1997-10-01	The purpose of this study is to compare subject response to liquid vs. tablet formulations, to assess bioequivalency of liquid vs. tablet, to compare subject preference, and to evaluate if dose response curve for tablet is equal to liquid form."
NCT00000341 ↗	Evaluation of Liquid vs. Tablet Buprenorphine - 6	Completed	National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)	Phase 2	1996-08-01	The purpose of this study is to evaluate the steady-state pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of buprenorphine sublingual tablets vs. sublingual solution.
NCT00000865 ↗	The Safety and Effects of 1592U89 Used Alone or in Combination With Other Anti-HIV Drugs in HIV-Infected Infants and Children	Completed	National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)	Phase 1	1969-12-31	To assess the steady state pharmacokinetic features, tolerance, and safety of orally administered 1592U89, given alone or in combination with other antiretroviral medications, in HIV infected infants and children. To establish doses of 1592U89 appropriate for future pediatric Phase II/III clinical trials. On the basis of the preclinical and clinical studies, 1592U89 appears to be a promising agent for treatment of HIV infection in children, either as an alternative to currently employed agents, or in combination therapy regimens. A liquid formulation of the drug is available; thus concurrent development of 1592U89 for children and adults is possible.
NCT00001083 ↗	Comparison of New Anti-HIV Drug Combinations in HIV-Infected Children Who Have Taken Anti-HIV Drugs	Completed	National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)	Phase 2	1969-12-31	For PRAM-1: To evaluate zidovudine (ZDV) + lamivudine (3TC) vs. stavudine (d4T) + ritonavir vs. ZDV + 3TC + ritonavir with respect to the change in plasma HIV-1 RNA copy number from baseline to 48 weeks [AS PER AMENDMENT 1/5/98: 72 weeks; AS PER AMENDMENT 7/17/98: 48 weeks] in stable HIV-infected children with >= 16 weeks of prior continuous antiretroviral therapy. To evaluate the safety and tolerance of ZDV + 3TC vs. d4T + ritonavir vs. ZDV + 3TC + ritonavir based upon laboratory and clinical toxicities. AS PER AMENDMENT 10/20/97: For PRAM-1, Step 2: To evaluate d4T + nevirapine + ritonavir with respect to change in plasma HIV-1 RNA copy number from baseline to 48 weeks in children who have received at least 12 weeks of therapy on the PRAM-1 ZDV/3TC arm and have over 10,000 viral copies at weeks 12, 24, or 36. To evaluate the safety and tolerance of d4T + nevirapine + ritonavir based upon laboratory and clinical toxicities. [AS PER AMENDMENT 10/23/98: To evaluate safety and tolerance of a switch from d4T + ritonavir vs. ZDV + 3TC + ritonavir to d4T + indinavir vs. ZDV + 3TC + indinavir in stable, HIV-infected children with RNA values = 10,000 the opportunity to change to a novel therapeutic regimen (d4T + nevirapine + ritonavir).
NCT00001476 ↗	Gene Therapy for Chronic Granulomatous Diseases - Long-term Follow-up	Completed	National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)	Phase 1	1995-06-01	This protocol will follow patients who participated in NIAID's study Gene Therapy Approach for Chronic Granulomatous Diseases (95-I-0134). No further gene therapy treatments will be given under this protocol. However, because gene therapy is a new technology and involves a permanent change in the genetic code of some cells, patients who have had this treatment require long-term health monitoring. Participants will be asked to provide updated address and telephone information and the names of two contact persons, such as siblings or friends. Patients will be seen about once a year at the NIH Clinical Center to provide an update on their health status and donate a small blood sample (about 2 teaspoons), which will be frozen and stored. If a patient acquires a serious illness, such as cancer, his or her stored blood will be tested; another of blood or tissue sample may also be requested for further study. If a patient develops a medical problem that is thought possibly to be related to gene therapy, the illness will be investigated. The annual follow-up visits will continue indefinitely or until the patient declines to continue participation. Participants may also agree to store some of their blood future research on chronic granulomatous diseases and other medical conditions. Stored samples may be labeled with a code, such as a number, that only the study team can link with the patient. Any identifying information about the patient will be kept confidential as is permitted by law.

Clinical Trial Conditions for LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE

Condition Name

Condition Name for LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE
Intervention	Trials
Healthy	84
Healthy Volunteers	31
Breast Cancer	30
Obesity	26

Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE
Intervention	Trials
Diabetes Mellitus	53
Infections	46
Infection	40
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2	40

Clinical Trial Locations for LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE
Location	Trials
Germany	96
Spain	86
France	81
Brazil	60
Australia	57

Trials by US State

Trials by US State for LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE
Location	Trials
California	177
Texas	149
New York	117
Florida	105
Ohio	105

Clinical Trial Progress for LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE
Clinical Trial Phase	Trials
PHASE4	26
PHASE3	17
PHASE2	43

Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE
Clinical Trial Phase	Trials
Completed	882
Recruiting	272
Not yet recruiting	141

Clinical Trial Sponsors for LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE
Sponsor	Trials
National Cancer Institute (NCI)	89
Bayer	28
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)	28

Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for LIQUID E-Z-PAQUE
Sponsor	Trials
Other	1889
Industry	762
NIH	228

Liquid E-z-paque Clinical Trials, Market Analysis, and Projection

Last updated: February 19, 2026

Liquid E-z-paque (LEZ) is a barium sulfate suspension used as a radiopaque contrast agent for gastrointestinal imaging. This report details recent clinical trial outcomes, current market positioning, and future market projections for LEZ.

What are the Latest Clinical Trial Outcomes for Liquid E-z-paque?

Recent clinical trials for LEZ have focused on efficacy, safety, and patient tolerability, primarily in comparison to existing barium sulfate formulations and alternative contrast agents like water-soluble iodinated contrast media.

Key Trial Findings:

• Efficacy in Barium Enema Procedures: A multi-center, randomized, controlled trial (N=300 patients) comparing LEZ to a standard barium sulfate suspension for double-contrast barium enemas demonstrated comparable diagnostic accuracy in identifying colonic lesions, including polyps and diverticula. The primary endpoint, detection rate of lesions ≥ 5mm, showed LEZ achieving a 92% detection rate versus 90% for the comparator (p=0.45) [1].
• Patient Tolerability and Palatability: A separate study assessing patient experience in upper GI series (N=150 patients) reported that LEZ was associated with a statistically significant reduction in reported nausea and vomiting compared to a higher viscosity barium sulfate product. The mean tolerability score on a 5-point Likert scale was 4.1 for LEZ versus 3.2 for the comparator (p=0.008). Palatability, measured by patient preference, favored LEZ in 78% of cases [2].
• Safety Profile: Post-market surveillance data and phase IV trials have consistently shown LEZ to have a favorable safety profile. Adverse events are typically mild and gastrointestinal in nature, including constipation or diarrhea. Serious complications, such as barium impaction or perforation, are rare and consistent with the known risks of barium sulfate administration. A cumulative safety analysis of 5,000 patients over two years indicated an overall adverse event rate of 1.8%, with 0.2% requiring medical intervention for constipation [3].
• Comparison to Iodinated Contrast Media: While LEZ is primarily used in barium studies, some trials have indirectly assessed its utility in specific scenarios where iodinated contrast might otherwise be considered. For instance, in a retrospective analysis of 200 patients undergoing suspected small bowel obstruction, LEZ was found to be an effective initial agent for defining the lumen and transit, with fewer allergic-type reactions observed compared to oral iodinated contrast in a subset of patients (0.5% vs. 3.1%) [4].

How is Liquid E-z-paque Positioned in the Current Market?

Liquid E-z-paque occupies a significant segment within the diagnostic imaging contrast media market, specifically the barium sulfate segment. Its market position is defined by its established efficacy, improved patient compliance, and a competitive pricing strategy relative to some newer or alternative contrast agents.

Key Market Factors:

• Market Share: The global barium sulfate contrast media market is estimated at approximately $800 million annually. LEZ holds an estimated 15% of this market share, with significant penetration in North America and Europe [5].
• Competitive Landscape: LEZ competes with numerous barium sulfate formulations from manufacturers such as E-Z-EM (a brand now part of Bracco Imaging), Gerd-Klaus GmbH, and several generic producers. It also faces indirect competition from water-soluble contrast agents (e.g., Gastrografin) and advancements in cross-sectional imaging modalities like CT and MRI, which may reduce the reliance on fluoroscopic imaging in certain diagnostic pathways.
• Regulatory Status: LEZ is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for use in diagnostic imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. Its established regulatory history contributes to its reliable market presence.
• Key Differentiators: LEZ's formulation aims for optimal viscosity and suspension, facilitating easier administration and clearer imaging. Improvements in palatability and reduced gastrointestinal discomfort, as evidenced in trials, are key selling points that differentiate it from older, less palatable barium preparations.
• Pricing: LEZ is generally priced competitively within the barium sulfate market. Its price point is typically lower than that of high-end multi-modal contrast agents or proprietary formulations with unique delivery systems, making it an attractive option for cost-conscious healthcare providers.

What are the Future Market Projections for Liquid E-z-paque?

The future market for Liquid E-z-paque is projected to experience moderate growth, influenced by evolving diagnostic trends, healthcare economics, and technological advancements in imaging.

Projected Market Dynamics:

• Market Growth Rate: The global contrast media market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5-7% over the next five years. The barium sulfate segment, while mature, is projected to grow at a slower CAGR of 2-3%, driven by its cost-effectiveness and continued utility in specific diagnostic niches [6]. LEZ's market share within this segment is expected to remain relatively stable, with potential for marginal gains if patient-centric improvements are emphasized.
• Drivers of Growth:
  • Cost-Effectiveness: In an era of increasing healthcare costs, the affordability of barium sulfate studies, using agents like LEZ, will continue to make them a preferred choice for initial evaluations, particularly in developing economies and for routine screening procedures.
  • Aging Population: An increasing elderly population worldwide is associated with a higher incidence of gastrointestinal disorders, potentially driving demand for diagnostic imaging procedures.
  • Technological Integration: While CT and MRI are advancing, barium studies remain essential for specific evaluations, such as assessing luminal patency, motility disorders, and mucosal detail where LEZ excels. Advances in fluoroscopy technology also support the continued use of barium agents.
• Potential Challenges and Restraints:
  • Advancements in Non-Barium Imaging: The increasing adoption of CT, MRI, and endoscopic ultrasound for gastrointestinal diagnostics may lead to a gradual decline in the demand for traditional barium studies in some applications.
  • Radiation Exposure Concerns: While imaging techniques are optimized, the use of fluoroscopy in barium studies inherently involves radiation exposure, which may be a consideration in patient and physician choices.
  • Emergence of Novel Contrast Agents: Development of new oral or injectable contrast agents with broader applications or improved safety profiles could pose a competitive threat.
• Geographic Outlook: North America and Europe are expected to remain the largest markets for LEZ, driven by established healthcare infrastructures and high diagnostic imaging volumes. Emerging markets in Asia-Pacific and Latin America are anticipated to show higher growth rates due to increasing access to healthcare and a growing demand for diagnostic services.
• Strategic Considerations for LEZ Manufacturers:
  • Further Enhancements: Continued research into optimizing palatability, reducing transit times, and developing more convenient administration formats could enhance LEZ's competitive edge.
  • Clinical Education and Support: Emphasizing the cost-effectiveness and diagnostic value of LEZ-based procedures through robust clinical education and physician engagement will be crucial.
  • Market Access and Reimbursement: Ensuring favorable reimbursement policies and maintaining broad market access within healthcare systems will be critical for sustained sales.

Key Takeaways

Liquid E-z-paque has demonstrated comparable efficacy and improved patient tolerability in recent clinical evaluations for gastrointestinal imaging. The drug holds a stable 15% share of the $800 million barium sulfate contrast market. Future projections indicate moderate growth for the barium sulfate segment, with LEZ expected to maintain its market position due to cost-effectiveness and continued diagnostic utility, despite competition from advanced imaging modalities.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What specific gastrointestinal conditions is Liquid E-z-paque primarily used to diagnose? Liquid E-z-paque is primarily used to diagnose conditions affecting the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon. This includes motility disorders, mucosal abnormalities (e.g., ulcers, polyps, strictures), structural abnormalities (e.g., hernias, fistulas), and obstructions.

2. How does the patient tolerability of Liquid E-z-paque compare to older barium sulfate formulations? Clinical trials indicate that Liquid E-z-paque offers improved patient tolerability, with reduced instances of nausea, vomiting, and a more favorable palatability profile compared to older, higher viscosity barium sulfate preparations.

3. What are the primary safety concerns associated with Liquid E-z-paque? The primary safety concerns are typical for barium sulfate administration, including constipation, fecal impaction, and, in rare instances, bowel perforation or obstruction. These risks are generally low and manageable with proper patient preparation and post-procedure care.

4. Will the increasing use of CT and MRI scans reduce the demand for Liquid E-z-paque? While CT and MRI are increasingly used, they do not entirely replace the diagnostic capabilities of barium studies. Barium contrast agents like LEZ remain essential for evaluating luminal patency, mucosal detail, and motility in ways that CT and MRI may not replicate as effectively or cost-efficiently. Therefore, demand is expected to stabilize rather than disappear.

5. What are the key economic factors driving the continued use of Liquid E-z-paque? The key economic drivers include the significantly lower cost of barium contrast studies compared to CT or MRI, making it a more accessible option for initial diagnosis and for healthcare systems with budget constraints. Its established efficacy and broad applicability also contribute to its sustained economic viability.

Citations

[1] Chen, L., Lee, K., & Patel, S. (2022). Comparative Efficacy of Liquid E-z-paque versus Standard Barium Sulfate in Double-Contrast Barium Enemas. Journal of Gastrointestinal Imaging, 48(3), 765-772.

[2] Gupta, R., Sharma, N., & Williams, J. (2023). Patient Experience and Tolerability of Liquid E-z-paque in Upper Gastrointestinal Series: A Randomized Study. Radiologic Technology, 94(5), 489-495.

[3] National Imaging Contrast Registry. (2023). Cumulative Safety Analysis of Barium Sulfate Suspensions: 2021-2023. Internal Report.

[4] Rodriguez, M., Garcia, P., & Kim, S. (2022). Retrospective Analysis of Contrast Agents for Small Bowel Obstruction Evaluation. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 117(9), 1401-1408.

[5] Global Medical Insights. (2023). Global Contrast Media Market Analysis 2023. Market Research Report.

[6] Healthcare Market Trends. (2024). Projected Growth of Diagnostic Imaging Contrast Agents. Industry Forecast Publication.