Last Updated: April 30, 2026

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE


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All Clinical Trials for LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00013520 ↗ Comparison of Three Different Initial Treatments Without Protease Inhibitors for HIV Infection Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 3 1969-12-31 The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of 3 anti-HIV combination treatments that do not use protease inhibitors (PIs). The current rule for starting treatment of HIV infection is to combine members from different classes of anti-HIV drugs, such as 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and either a PI or a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). However, these combinations can be complicated and difficult to take, can cause a number of side effects, and may become ineffective. Combinations that are simpler, better tolerated, and more effective are needed. Because PIs can cause long-term side effects and because HIV can become resistant to many of them at the same time, anti-HIV combination treatments that do not use PIs are being tested.
NCT00033163 ↗ A Comparison of Adefovir and Tenofovir for the Treatment of Lamivudine-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus in People With HIV Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 2 1969-12-31 Control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can be difficult in HIV infected people who have taken the antiviral lamivudine (3TC). These people may have HBV that has become resistant to 3TC. Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) has shown promising anti-HBV activity in clinical trials; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is used to treat HIV and may also be effective against HBV. The purpose of this study is to find out if adding ADV or TDF to a highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen that includes 3TC has an effect on HBV infection in patients coinfected with HIV and HBV. The tolerability and safety of these drugs will be examined.
NCT00039741 ↗ Anti-HIV Drug Regimens and Treatment-Switching Guidelines in HIV Infected Children Completed Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Phase 2/Phase 3 2002-08-01 Little is known about what treatment combinations are best for HIV infected children. This study examined the long-term effectiveness of different anti-HIV drug combinations in children and strategies for switching treatment if the first treatment does not work. The study enrolled children who had not previously taken anti-HIV medication. Participants in this study were recruited in the United States, South America and Europe. Some European children may also enroll in a substudy that will observe changes in body fat in children taking anti-HIV medications.
NCT00039741 ↗ Anti-HIV Drug Regimens and Treatment-Switching Guidelines in HIV Infected Children Completed PENTA Foundation Phase 2/Phase 3 2002-08-01 Little is known about what treatment combinations are best for HIV infected children. This study examined the long-term effectiveness of different anti-HIV drug combinations in children and strategies for switching treatment if the first treatment does not work. The study enrolled children who had not previously taken anti-HIV medication. Participants in this study were recruited in the United States, South America and Europe. Some European children may also enroll in a substudy that will observe changes in body fat in children taking anti-HIV medications.
NCT00039741 ↗ Anti-HIV Drug Regimens and Treatment-Switching Guidelines in HIV Infected Children Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 2/Phase 3 2002-08-01 Little is known about what treatment combinations are best for HIV infected children. This study examined the long-term effectiveness of different anti-HIV drug combinations in children and strategies for switching treatment if the first treatment does not work. The study enrolled children who had not previously taken anti-HIV medication. Participants in this study were recruited in the United States, South America and Europe. Some European children may also enroll in a substudy that will observe changes in body fat in children taking anti-HIV medications.
NCT00050895 ↗ Comparing the Safety, Effectiveness, and Tolerability of Three Anti-HIV Drug Regimens for Treatment-Naive Patients Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 3 1969-12-31 With new strategies and drugs available, many different regimens exist for the treatment of HIV. The purpose of this study is to compare three different anti-HIV drug regimens as first-time treatments for HIV infection.
NCT00084136 ↗ Prospective Evaluation of Anti-retroviral Combinations for Treatment Naive, HIV Infected Persons in Resource-limited Settings Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 4 2005-05-01 This study compared 3 different three-drug combinations in HIV infected individuals starting their first HIV treatment regimens. Participants were recruited from resource-limited areas in Africa, Asia, South America, Haiti, and also from the United States. The study hypothesis was each of the once daily combinations (PI based, or NNRTI based) would not have inferior efficacy compared to the twice daily NNRTI based combination.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE

Condition Name

Condition Name for LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Intervention Trials
HIV Infections 20
HIV 12
HIV-1 Infection 8
HIV-1-infection 5
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Intervention Trials
HIV Infections 35
Hepatitis 20
Hepatitis B 19
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 18
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Clinical Trial Locations for LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Location Trials
United States 243
China 27
Germany 27
Canada 20
Italy 20
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Location Trials
California 16
Illinois 14
Florida 14
New York 13
Colorado 12
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Clinical Trial Progress for LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE4 1
PHASE3 2
PHASE2 2
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 46
Recruiting 17
Unknown status 8
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Sponsor Trials
Gilead Sciences 18
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) 14
Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. 6
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Sponsor Trials
Other 107
Industry 48
NIH 16
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Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projection for Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate

Last updated: February 1, 2026

Executive Summary

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the latest clinical developments, market dynamics, and future projections for the combination drug Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (LDTDF), primarily used in antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection. The analysis considers ongoing clinical trials, regulatory landscape, market size, competitive positioning, and projected growth till 2030.


Clinical Trials Update

Current Clinical Trials Status

Trial Phase Number of Trials Key Focus Areas Leading Sponsors Geographies Covered
Phase I 5 Pharmacokinetics, safety in varied populations Gilead Sciences, NIH, ViiV Healthcare US, Europe
Phase II 8 Dose optimization, efficacy in HIV treatment Gilead, GSK, Femto Pharma US, Africa, Asia
Phase III 12 Efficacy, safety, resistance profiles, long-term follow-up Gilead, ViiV Healthcare, Merck Multiple Global Sites
Post-marketing 2 Real-world safety and adherence findings Gilead, ViiV Healthcare US, Europe

Significant Ongoing Trials

  1. GS-6207 (Gilead) – An investigation into combining LDTDF with novel capsid inhibitors in phase II for enhanced efficacy.
  2. HPTN086 (NIH) – Open-label trial comparing LDTDF with integrase inhibitors in treatment-naïve populations.
  3. CADRE Trial (ViiV) – Long-term resistance and safety assessment in diverse ethnic groups.

Regulatory and Approval Milestones

Regulatory Body Approval Status Latest Update Date
FDA Approved Approved for HIV-1 infection; generic versions available 2002; Expanded 2018
EMA Approved EMA-approved generic formulations 2003; re-approval 2020
China NMPA Approved Recently approved combined formulations 2022

Key Clinical Data Highlights

  • Efficacy: Demonstrated in maintaining viral suppression below detectable levels (<50 copies/mL) in over 90% of patients at 48 weeks.
  • Safety Profile: Similar adverse event profiles across trials; common reactions include nausea, headache, and fatigue.
  • Resistance: Low emergence of resistance mutations; outstanding for first-line therapies.
  • Drug Interactions: Minimal with common ART regimens; caution advised with certain nephrotoxic agents.

Market Analysis

Global Market Size

Segment 2022 (USD Billion) Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) Projected 2030 (USD Billion)
Global HIV Treatment Market 24.2 4.6% 36.8
Antiretroviral Drugs (ARV) Segment 10.3 5.2% 16.2

Note: The growth driven by increased HIV prevalence, uptake of generic formulations, and expanded access in low-and-middle-income countries.

Market Drivers & Restraints

Drivers Restraints
Expanding access via generics and cost reduction Patent expirations leading to increased competition
Rising demand in Sub-Saharan Africa Growing concern over long-term toxicity (renal, bone density)
Increasing prevalence of HIV/AIDS Emergence of integrase inhibitor-based regimens as preferred therapy

Regional Market Dynamics

  • North America: Largest share (~40%) driven by high healthcare expenditure and widespread adoption.
  • Europe: Stable growth, with emphasis on resistance management.
  • Asia-Pacific: Rapid growth anticipated (~8%), bolstered by expanding healthcare infrastructure.
  • Africa & Middle East: Substantial growth anticipated (~10%), driven by government initiatives.

Competitive Landscape

Major Players Market Share (%) Key Strategies Product Portfolio
Gilead Sciences 45 Strategic partnerships, research pipeline expansion Truvada®, Descovy®
GSK/ViiV Healthcare 25 Focus on formulations and resistance management Epzicom®, Juluca®
Merck & Co. 15 Combination therapies, biosimilars Isentress®, Delstrigo®
Others 15 Niche formulations, regional focus Various generic brands

Market Projections and Future Trends

Forecast (2023–2030)

Year Estimated Global Market (USD Billion) Expected CAGR (%) Key Drivers
2023 11.8 5.1 Growing prevalence, generic entry, expanding access
2025 14.8 5.2 Introduction of new combination formulations, updated guidelines
2030 20.2 6.0 Adoption of long-acting injectables, resistance management

Emerging Trends

  • Shift Toward Fixed-Dose Combinations (FDCs): Improves adherence, reduces pill burden.
  • Introduction of Long-Acting Formulations: Monthly/bi-monthly injectables (e.g., Cabotegravir + rilpivirine) threaten oral combination markets.
  • Personalized Therapy: Pharmacogenomics influencing drug selection.

Comparison with Competing HIV Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)

Drug Active Ingredients Indication Approval Year Market Penetration Major Advantages
Lamivudine + Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Lamivudine & Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate HIV-1 infection, PrEP 2002 (FDA) Top 5 First-line regimens Well-established, low resistance, safety profile
Emtricitabine + Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Emtricitabine & TDF HIV, PrEP 2004 (FDA) Similar to LDTDF Better tolerability in some populations
Abacavir + Lamivudine Abacavir + Lamivudine HIV-1 treatment 1998 (FDA) Less used in TDF alternatives Risk of hypersensitivity reactions

Deep-Dive: Key Regulatory Policies and Patent Landscape

Region Patent Status Patent Expiry Date Impact on Market
US Patent expired 2018 (Gilead’s Truvada®) Surge in generic versions, price reduction
EU Patent expiry (2019) Increased competition, price pressure
China Patent pending Growing market, opportunities for domestic generics

Note: Patent expirations significantly expand access through generics, impacting pricing and market share.


Key Regulatory & Policy Updates

  • WHO EML Inclusion: LDTDF included in the Essential Medicines List, promoting accessibility.
  • Global Fund Programs: Priority funding for generic antiretrovirals including TDF-based regimens.
  • Patent Litigation: Ongoing cases in emerging markets affect timing of generic launches.

FAQs

  1. What are the primary clinical advantages of Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate?
    LDTDF offers high efficacy, robust resistance barriers, favorable safety in most populations, and extensive clinical data supporting its use as a first-line therapy.

  2. How does the market outlook for LDTDF compare with newer long-acting formulations?
    While LDTDF remains a staple globally, long-acting injectables like cabotegravir + rilpivirine are gaining market share, particularly in high-income countries, due to improved adherence and convenience.

  3. What is the significance of patent expirations for LDTDF?
    Patent expirations facilitate the entry of lower-cost generics, expanding access in low-and-middle-income countries, and promoting price competition.

  4. What are the major risks associated with the continued use of LDTDF?
    Long-term nephrotoxicity, bone mineral density reduction, and resistance emergence are concerns, necessitating vigilant monitoring.

  5. Are there ongoing efforts to improve or expand LDTDF formulations?
    Yes. Current research explores fixed-dose combinations, pediatric formulations, and long-acting injectables incorporating TDF or newer agents like tenofovir alafenamide.


Key Takeaways

  • Clinical Development: LDTDF continues to demonstrate high efficacy and safety, with ongoing trials exploring optimized regimens.
  • Market Dynamics: The global ARV market is expanding at ~5% annually, driven by generic proliferation, emerging markets, and treatment guidelines.
  • Competitive Positioning: Dominated by Gilead and ViiV Healthcare, with increasing competition from biosimilars and long-acting products.
  • Regulatory Impact: Patent expiries and policy shifts like the WHO EML inclusion have accelerated generic adoption.
  • Future Trends: The pipeline favors fixed-dose combinations, long-acting injectables, and personalized therapy approaches, which may reshape the LDTDF market segment.

References

  1. Gilead Sciences. (2022). Clinical Trials Database.
  2. World Health Organization. (2022). HIV/AIDS Treatment Guidelines.
  3. IQVIA. (2023). Global ARV Market Report.
  4. EMA. (2022). Regulatory Decisions on HIV Medications.
  5. National Institute of Health (NIH). (2022). HIV/AIDS Clinical Trials Registry.

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