Last Updated: April 30, 2026

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE


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All Clinical Trials for LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00013520 ↗ Comparison of Three Different Initial Treatments Without Protease Inhibitors for HIV Infection Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 3 1969-12-31 The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of 3 anti-HIV combination treatments that do not use protease inhibitors (PIs). The current rule for starting treatment of HIV infection is to combine members from different classes of anti-HIV drugs, such as 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and either a PI or a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). However, these combinations can be complicated and difficult to take, can cause a number of side effects, and may become ineffective. Combinations that are simpler, better tolerated, and more effective are needed. Because PIs can cause long-term side effects and because HIV can become resistant to many of them at the same time, anti-HIV combination treatments that do not use PIs are being tested.
NCT00033163 ↗ A Comparison of Adefovir and Tenofovir for the Treatment of Lamivudine-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus in People With HIV Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 2 1969-12-31 Control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can be difficult in HIV infected people who have taken the antiviral lamivudine (3TC). These people may have HBV that has become resistant to 3TC. Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) has shown promising anti-HBV activity in clinical trials; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is used to treat HIV and may also be effective against HBV. The purpose of this study is to find out if adding ADV or TDF to a highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen that includes 3TC has an effect on HBV infection in patients coinfected with HIV and HBV. The tolerability and safety of these drugs will be examined.
NCT00039741 ↗ Anti-HIV Drug Regimens and Treatment-Switching Guidelines in HIV Infected Children Completed Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Phase 2/Phase 3 2002-08-01 Little is known about what treatment combinations are best for HIV infected children. This study examined the long-term effectiveness of different anti-HIV drug combinations in children and strategies for switching treatment if the first treatment does not work. The study enrolled children who had not previously taken anti-HIV medication. Participants in this study were recruited in the United States, South America and Europe. Some European children may also enroll in a substudy that will observe changes in body fat in children taking anti-HIV medications.
NCT00039741 ↗ Anti-HIV Drug Regimens and Treatment-Switching Guidelines in HIV Infected Children Completed PENTA Foundation Phase 2/Phase 3 2002-08-01 Little is known about what treatment combinations are best for HIV infected children. This study examined the long-term effectiveness of different anti-HIV drug combinations in children and strategies for switching treatment if the first treatment does not work. The study enrolled children who had not previously taken anti-HIV medication. Participants in this study were recruited in the United States, South America and Europe. Some European children may also enroll in a substudy that will observe changes in body fat in children taking anti-HIV medications.
NCT00039741 ↗ Anti-HIV Drug Regimens and Treatment-Switching Guidelines in HIV Infected Children Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 2/Phase 3 2002-08-01 Little is known about what treatment combinations are best for HIV infected children. This study examined the long-term effectiveness of different anti-HIV drug combinations in children and strategies for switching treatment if the first treatment does not work. The study enrolled children who had not previously taken anti-HIV medication. Participants in this study were recruited in the United States, South America and Europe. Some European children may also enroll in a substudy that will observe changes in body fat in children taking anti-HIV medications.
NCT00050895 ↗ Comparing the Safety, Effectiveness, and Tolerability of Three Anti-HIV Drug Regimens for Treatment-Naive Patients Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 3 1969-12-31 With new strategies and drugs available, many different regimens exist for the treatment of HIV. The purpose of this study is to compare three different anti-HIV drug regimens as first-time treatments for HIV infection.
NCT00084136 ↗ Prospective Evaluation of Anti-retroviral Combinations for Treatment Naive, HIV Infected Persons in Resource-limited Settings Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 4 2005-05-01 This study compared 3 different three-drug combinations in HIV infected individuals starting their first HIV treatment regimens. Participants were recruited from resource-limited areas in Africa, Asia, South America, Haiti, and also from the United States. The study hypothesis was each of the once daily combinations (PI based, or NNRTI based) would not have inferior efficacy compared to the twice daily NNRTI based combination.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE

Condition Name

Condition Name for LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Intervention Trials
HIV Infections 20
Hiv 12
HIV-1 Infection 8
HIV-1-infection 5
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Intervention Trials
HIV Infections 35
Hepatitis 20
Hepatitis B 19
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 18
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Clinical Trial Locations for LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Location Trials
United States 243
Germany 27
China 27
Canada 20
Italy 20
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Location Trials
California 16
Illinois 14
Florida 14
New York 13
Colorado 12
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Clinical Trial Progress for LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE4 1
PHASE3 2
PHASE2 2
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 46
Recruiting 17
Unknown status 8
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Sponsor Trials
Gilead Sciences 18
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) 14
Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. 6
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE
Sponsor Trials
Other 107
Industry 48
NIH 16
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Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Clinical Trials, Market Analysis, and Future Projections

Last updated: February 21, 2026

What is the current status of clinical trials for lamivudine-tenofovir combination therapies?

The combination of lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is approved primarily for HIV treatment and hepatitis B virus (HBV) management. Clinical trials focus on efficacy, resistance, and safety benchmarks across different populations, including treatment-naive, treatment-experienced, and special populations such as pregnant women.

Major ongoing trials and recent approvals

  • HIV Treatment and Prevention: Trials assess long-term safety and resistance profiles of the fixed-dose combination (FDC). The International AIDS Society group emphasizes ongoing studies up to 2024 evaluating the drug’s role in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

  • Hepatitis B Management: Trials examine combination therapy with other antivirals for resistant strains of HBV, with some studies extending until 2025. Recent results indicate significant suppression of viral DNA with an acceptable safety profile [1].

Key trial data points

  • Sample sizes: Vary from 200 to over 1,000 participants.
  • Durations: Ranged from 48 to 192 weeks.
  • Endpoints: Viral load suppression, CD4 count changes, resistance development, and adverse event profiles.
  • Results: High efficacy in viral suppression (>90%) with manageable adverse events, predominantly mild renal and bone mineral density impacts.

What is the current market landscape for lamivudine-tenofovir combination drugs?

Market segments

  • HIV/AIDS therapeutics: Represent the largest segment. The global antiretroviral therapy market is valued at approximately USD 30 billion in 2022, with tenofovir-based products accounting for 40% of total revenue [2].

  • HBV treatment: An emerging segment. Market value was USD 1.8 billion in 2022, with annual growth forecast at 5% until 2027 [3].

Key competitors

Drug Formulation Market Share (2022) Approval Year Primary Indications
Truvada (TDF + Emtricitabine) Fixed-dose tablet 50% 2004 HIV, HBV (off-label for HBV in certain cases)
Epivir (Lamivudine) Oral tablet 15% 1995 HIV, HBV
Descovy (TDF + Emtricitabine) Fixed-dose tablet 10% 2016 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, limited HBV indications
Generic TDF and Lamivudine Oral formulations 20% Approvals vary HIV, HBV

Pricing and reimbursement

  • Average wholesale price (AWP) for branded fixed-dose combinations ranges from USD 600 to USD 900 per year.
  • Generics dominate markets in low-income countries, significantly reducing costs.
  • Patient access remains constrained in some regions due to licensing and reimbursement barriers.

How will market trends evolve over the next five years?

Volume and revenue growth projections

  • Antiretroviral Market: Expected to grow at a CAGR of 4% to 5% from 2023 to 2028, driven by expanding access in Africa and Asia.
  • HBV Treatment Market: Will grow at a higher CAGR of 6% to 7%, driven by increasing screening and diagnosis efforts globally.

Key drivers

  • Generic availability reduces prices and increases access.
  • Regulatory approvals for new formulations, including long-acting injectable versions, appear likely by 2028.
  • Resistance management will influence the development and adoption of combination therapies with higher barriers to resistance.

Challenges

  • Emerging resistance to lamivudine poses risks for long-term treatment efficacy.
  • Regulatory and patent exclusivity issues could affect pricing strategies.

What are the future development and investment opportunities?

  • Development of long-acting formulations could expand treatment adherence.
  • Targeted trials for combination therapies with newer drugs like integrase inhibitors.
  • Entry into biosimilar markets in emerging economies.
  • Focus on resistance biology to inform next-generation drugs.

Key Takeaways

  • Clinical trials confirm lamivudine-tenofovir FDCs provide effective viral suppression with manageable safety profiles.
  • The HIV segment dominates the market, but HBV indications are expanding.
  • Market growth is supported by increasing access, generic alternatives, and regulatory advancements.
  • Resistance particularly to lamivudine remains a critical issue, impacting future drug development.
  • Long-acting formulations and combination therapies present significant opportunities for growth.

FAQs

Q1: What are the main safety concerns for lamivudine-tenofovir regimens?
A1: Renal impairment and decreased bone mineral density are noted adverse effects, particularly with long-term use.

Q2: How do generic versions impact the market?
A2: Generics reduce prices, expand access, and erode market shares of branded drugs, especially in low-income regions.

Q3: Are there new formulations in development?
A3: Yes, long-acting injectables and fixed-dose combinations with enhanced resistance profiles are under clinical evaluation.

Q4: How does resistance influence clinical use?
A4: Resistance, particularly to lamivudine, can lead to treatment failure, necessitating combination with drugs less prone to resistance and ongoing surveillance.

Q5: What are regulatory hurdles for new drugs in this class?
A5: Patents, approval pathways in different countries, and patent expiration on existing formulations influence market entry timings.

References

  1. World Health Organization. (2022). HIV drug resistance report. WHO.
  2. Grand View Research. (2022). Antiretroviral Market Analysis.
  3. MarketsandMarkets. (2023). Hepatitis B Virus(Virus) Therapeutics Market by Drug Type, Application, Region - Global Forecast to 2027.

Note: Data and projections are based on recent industry reports and clinical trial registries as of early 2023.

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