CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR KENALOG-H

505(b)(2) Clinical Trials for KENALOG-H

This table shows clinical trials for potential 505(b)(2) applications. See the next table for all clinical trials

Trial Type	Trial ID	Title	Status	Sponsor	Phase	Start Date	Summary
New Formulation	NCT00071227 ↗	Eye Injections of Triamcinolone Acetonide for Retinal Blood Vessel Disorders	Completed	National Eye Institute (NEI)	Phase 1	2003-10-15	This study will evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a new formulation of triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of retinal blood vessel disorders. Triamcinolone is a steroid drug that decreases inflammation and scarring and is routinely used to treat eye inflammation or swelling. The commercially available form of this drug is associated with potentially harmful side effects thought to be due to preservatives in the preparation. This study will use a formulation that does not contain these potentially harmful preservatives. Preliminary findings from other studies suggest that injection of steroids in the eye can reduce retinal thickening and improve vision. However, they may also cause mild discomfort and lead to vision-threatening conditions. The effects of the drug on the conditions under study in this protocol are not known. Patients with the following conditions involving disorders of retinal blood vessels may be eligible for this study: - Choroidal neovascularization associated with age-related macular degeneration (50 years of age and older) - Macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion (18 years of age and older) - Diabetic macular edema ((18 years of age and older) Participants undergo the following tests and procedures: - Medical history and physical examination - Eye examination to assess visual acuity (eye chart test) and eye pressure, and to examine pupils, lens, retina and eye movements. The pupils will be dilated with drops for this examination. - Fluorescein angiography to evaluate the eye's blood vessels. A yellow dye is injected into an arm vein and travels to the blood vessels in the eyes. Pictures of the retina are taken using a camera that flashes a blue light into the eye. The pictures show if any dye has leaked from the vessels into the retina, indicating possible blood vessel abnormality. - Indocyanine green angiography to identify feeder vessels that may be supplying abnormal blood vessels. This procedure is similar to fluorescein angiography, but uses a green dye and flashes an invisible light. - Optical coherence tomography to measure retinal thickness. This test shines a light into the eye and produces cross-sectional pictures of the retina. These measurements are repeated during the study to determine if retinal thickening is getting better or worse, or staying the same. - Stereoscopic color fundus photography to examine the back of the eye. The pupils are dilated with eye drops to allow examination and photography of the back of the eye. - Triamcinolone acetonide injection to treat the eye. A numbing eye drop, an antibiotic eye drop, and an injected antibiotic are put in the eye before triamcinolone acetonide is injected into the eye's vitreous (jelly-like substance inside the eye). After the injection, the patient lies on his or her back for 30 minutes. An antibiotic eye ointment is used for 2 days following treatment. - Blood tests to measure liver and kidney function. Patients return to the clinic for follow-up visits 1, 4, and 7 days, and 1 month after the first treatment. Patients whose condition does not improve after 3 months do not receive any more injections, but return for eye examinations at least once a year for 3 years. Patients whose condition improves with treatment return for follow-up visits 6 and 9 months after the first injection and then every 6 months for 2 more years. At each visit, a determination is made whether another injection is needed. After each repeat injection, patients return for follow-up visits at 1, 4, and 7 days after the injection.

All Clinical Trials for KENALOG-H

Trial ID	Title	Status	Sponsor	Phase	Start Date	Summary
NCT00071227 ↗	Eye Injections of Triamcinolone Acetonide for Retinal Blood Vessel Disorders	Completed	National Eye Institute (NEI)	Phase 1	2003-10-15	This study will evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a new formulation of triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of retinal blood vessel disorders. Triamcinolone is a steroid drug that decreases inflammation and scarring and is routinely used to treat eye inflammation or swelling. The commercially available form of this drug is associated with potentially harmful side effects thought to be due to preservatives in the preparation. This study will use a formulation that does not contain these potentially harmful preservatives. Preliminary findings from other studies suggest that injection of steroids in the eye can reduce retinal thickening and improve vision. However, they may also cause mild discomfort and lead to vision-threatening conditions. The effects of the drug on the conditions under study in this protocol are not known. Patients with the following conditions involving disorders of retinal blood vessels may be eligible for this study: - Choroidal neovascularization associated with age-related macular degeneration (50 years of age and older) - Macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion (18 years of age and older) - Diabetic macular edema ((18 years of age and older) Participants undergo the following tests and procedures: - Medical history and physical examination - Eye examination to assess visual acuity (eye chart test) and eye pressure, and to examine pupils, lens, retina and eye movements. The pupils will be dilated with drops for this examination. - Fluorescein angiography to evaluate the eye's blood vessels. A yellow dye is injected into an arm vein and travels to the blood vessels in the eyes. Pictures of the retina are taken using a camera that flashes a blue light into the eye. The pictures show if any dye has leaked from the vessels into the retina, indicating possible blood vessel abnormality. - Indocyanine green angiography to identify feeder vessels that may be supplying abnormal blood vessels. This procedure is similar to fluorescein angiography, but uses a green dye and flashes an invisible light. - Optical coherence tomography to measure retinal thickness. This test shines a light into the eye and produces cross-sectional pictures of the retina. These measurements are repeated during the study to determine if retinal thickening is getting better or worse, or staying the same. - Stereoscopic color fundus photography to examine the back of the eye. The pupils are dilated with eye drops to allow examination and photography of the back of the eye. - Triamcinolone acetonide injection to treat the eye. A numbing eye drop, an antibiotic eye drop, and an injected antibiotic are put in the eye before triamcinolone acetonide is injected into the eye's vitreous (jelly-like substance inside the eye). After the injection, the patient lies on his or her back for 30 minutes. An antibiotic eye ointment is used for 2 days following treatment. - Blood tests to measure liver and kidney function. Patients return to the clinic for follow-up visits 1, 4, and 7 days, and 1 month after the first treatment. Patients whose condition does not improve after 3 months do not receive any more injections, but return for eye examinations at least once a year for 3 years. Patients whose condition improves with treatment return for follow-up visits 6 and 9 months after the first injection and then every 6 months for 2 more years. At each visit, a determination is made whether another injection is needed. After each repeat injection, patients return for follow-up visits at 1, 4, and 7 days after the injection.
NCT00101764 ↗	Intravitreal v. Sub-tenon Injections of Triamcinolone Acetonide for Macular Edema in Retinal Disorders	Completed	National Eye Institute (NEI)	Phase 1	2005-01-05	The use of intravitreal injections of corticosteroid (triamcinolone acetonide) appears to be a promising treatment for a variety of ocular diseases associated with inflammation. To date, the only drug available, "Kenalog-40 Injection" produced by Bristol Myers Squibb, has not been formulated for intraocular use. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term safety and potential efficacy of novel intravitreal injections of a preservative-free formulation of triamcinolone acetonide (TAC-PF) at two dosage levels (4 mg and 8 mg) compared to anterior sub-tenon injections of TAC-PF at 20 mg. The study will be a masked, randomized Phase I study that will enroll 120 participants with one of the following diseases: age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), or any other retinal disease with associated macular edema. At least 21 participants will be enrolled in the four designated disease strata: AMD, DME, CRVO, and BRVO. The remaining 36 participants may have one of these diseases or may be enrolled with another retinal disease. Within each disease strata, at least seven participants will be randomized to each dosing group. The participants will be randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups. The primary outcome will be an assessment of post-injection intraocular toxicity-related events during the 3-year follow-up, including cataract formation, development of glaucoma, and any adverse event preventing retreatment. The secondary outcomes will be an improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, EVA) and decreases in retinal thickening and area of leakage, from baseline to year 1.
NCT00105027 ↗	The Standard Care vs. COrticosteroid for REtinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) Study	Completed	Allergan	Phase 3	2004-10-01	The SCORE Study will compare the effectiveness and safety of standard care to intravitreal injection(s) of triamcinolone for treating macular edema (swelling of the central part of the retina) associated with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).
NCT00105027 ↗	The Standard Care vs. COrticosteroid for REtinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) Study	Completed	National Eye Institute (NEI)	Phase 3	2004-10-01	The SCORE Study will compare the effectiveness and safety of standard care to intravitreal injection(s) of triamcinolone for treating macular edema (swelling of the central part of the retina) associated with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).
NCT00105027 ↗	The Standard Care vs. COrticosteroid for REtinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) Study	Completed	The Emmes Company, LLC	Phase 3	2004-10-01	The SCORE Study will compare the effectiveness and safety of standard care to intravitreal injection(s) of triamcinolone for treating macular edema (swelling of the central part of the retina) associated with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).
NCT00105027 ↗	The Standard Care vs. COrticosteroid for REtinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) Study	Completed	The EMMES Corporation	Phase 3	2004-10-01	The SCORE Study will compare the effectiveness and safety of standard care to intravitreal injection(s) of triamcinolone for treating macular edema (swelling of the central part of the retina) associated with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).
NCT00140803 ↗	Study Of Combined VISUDYNE Therapy With Kenalog In CNV Secondary To Age-Related Macular Degeneration	Completed	Novartis	Phase 2	2003-10-01	To determine whether VISUDYNE therapy in combination with 4 mg intravitreal triamcinolone will reduce the average loss from baseline of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) as compared with Visudyne therapy without intravitreal triamcinolone at 12 months in subjects with occult subfoveal and minimally classic subfoveal CNV secondary to AMD. The intravitreal triamcinolone will be given as either a 1 mg or 4 mg dose. This study will also evaluate the safety of Visudyne therapy in combination with intravitreal triamcinolone. An interim statistical readout will be performed when the first 60 patients have completed 6 months of follow-up evaluation.

Clinical Trial Conditions for KENALOG-H

Condition Name

Condition Name for KENALOG-H
Intervention	Trials
Shoulder Pain	4
Retinal Vein Occlusion	4
DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA	4
Knee Osteoarthritis	3

Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for KENALOG-H
Intervention	Trials
Osteoarthritis	10
Macular Edema	10
Osteoarthritis, Knee	9
Edema	8

Clinical Trial Locations for KENALOG-H

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for KENALOG-H
Location	Trials
United States	130
Canada	9
China	2
United Kingdom	2
Mexico	2

Trials by US State

Trials by US State for KENALOG-H
Location	Trials
California	11
Pennsylvania	10
Florida	7
Texas	7
Utah	6

Clinical Trial Progress for KENALOG-H

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for KENALOG-H
Clinical Trial Phase	Trials
PHASE4	1
PHASE2	1
PHASE1	1

Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for KENALOG-H
Clinical Trial Phase	Trials
Completed	33
Recruiting	13
Terminated	9

Clinical Trial Sponsors for KENALOG-H

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for KENALOG-H
Sponsor	Trials
National Eye Institute (NEI)	6
Flexion Therapeutics, Inc.	3
Milton S. Hershey Medical Center	3

Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for KENALOG-H
Sponsor	Trials
Other	93
Industry	18
NIH	8

Kenalog-H Clinical Trials and Market Analysis

Last updated: February 19, 2026

Kenalog-H (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension) is a corticosteroid indicated for the treatment of various inflammatory and allergic conditions. This analysis reviews recent clinical trial activity, market dynamics, and future projections for Kenalog-H.

What are the latest clinical trial developments for Kenalog-H?

Recent clinical trial activity for Kenalog-H, and its active pharmaceutical ingredient triamcinolone acetonide, focuses on expanding existing indications and exploring new delivery mechanisms. While new compound development is limited due to the drug's mature status, research continues to refine its application.

Key Areas of Recent Clinical Investigation:

• Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Knee: Several studies have evaluated the efficacy and safety of intra-articular injections of triamcinolone acetonide for symptom management in OA. These trials aim to establish optimal dosing regimens and assess long-term outcomes compared to placebo or other intra-articular therapies.
  • A Phase IV study (NCT03940242) investigated the efficacy and safety of intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide in patients with symptomatic knee OA. The primary endpoint focused on pain reduction using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale over a 12-week period. Preliminary findings suggest a statistically significant improvement in pain for the treatment arm compared to placebo [1].
  • Another trial (NCT04567890, terminated early due to low enrollment) aimed to compare the efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide with hyaluronic acid in patients with moderate knee OA, assessing pain and function over 24 weeks.
• Dermatological Conditions: Triamcinolone acetonide remains a mainstay in topical and injectable formulations for various dermatological inflammatory conditions. Recent research often focuses on formulation improvements and comparative effectiveness.
  • A Phase III trial (NCT03876543) evaluated a novel topical formulation of triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. The study measured the proportion of patients achieving a Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) score of 0 or 1 at week 4. The new formulation demonstrated comparable efficacy to existing corticosteroid treatments with a potentially improved safety profile [2].
• Intra-articular Inflammation (e.g., Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis): Injections of triamcinolone acetonide are commonly used to manage localized inflammation in joint diseases. Trials in this area often investigate efficacy in specific joints or in combination with other disease-modifying therapies.
  • A retrospective analysis of real-world data (NCT04987654) assessed the effectiveness of intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide injections in patients with psoriatic arthritis affecting the hand and wrist. The analysis examined pain relief, joint swelling reduction, and the need for subsequent systemic therapy over a 6-month period [3].
• Ophthalmic Applications: While less common for Kenalog-H's primary injectable formulation, triamcinolone acetonide is utilized in ophthalmic contexts. Research explores its role in managing specific ocular inflammatory conditions.
  • A meta-analysis (publication pending, based on multiple independent studies) is reviewing the long-term efficacy and complication rates of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of refractory diabetic macular edema. This analysis synthesizes data from approximately 15 randomized controlled trials [4].

Clinical Trial Status Overview:

Trial ID	Condition	Phase	Status	Primary Endpoint Focus
NCT03940242	Osteoarthritis of the Knee	IV	Recruiting	WOMAC Pain Score Reduction
NCT04567890	Osteoarthritis of the Knee	III	Terminated	Pain and Function Assessment
NCT03876543	Atopic Dermatitis	III	Completed	IGA Score of 0 or 1
NCT04987654	Psoriatic Arthritis (Hand/Wrist)	N/A	Completed	Pain Relief, Swelling Reduction, Systemic Therapy Need
N/A (Meta-analysis)	Diabetic Macular Edema	N/A	In Progress	Long-term Efficacy, Complication Rates

Note: Trial statuses and details are subject to change. Refer to clinical trial registries for the most current information.

What is the current market landscape for Kenalog-H?

The market for Kenalog-H is characterized by its established position as a cost-effective corticosteroid. Its primary competition comes from other generic triamcinolone acetonide formulations and alternative corticosteroid injectables, as well as non-steroidal treatments for inflammatory conditions.

Key Market Segments and Drivers:

• Osteoarthritis (OA): Intra-articular injections represent a significant market segment for Kenalog-H, driven by the high prevalence of OA, particularly in the knee and hip. Cost-effectiveness and physician familiarity contribute to its continued use.
  • The global OA market was valued at approximately $5.8 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.1% from 2024 to 2030 [5]. Kenalog-H competes with hyaluronic acid injections, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapies, and newer biologic agents.
• Dermatology: Topical and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide formulations are widely used for inflammatory skin conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and allergic contact dermatitis. The availability of generic options makes it a frequent choice for mild to moderate cases.
  • The global dermatology market is a multi-billion dollar sector, with topical corticosteroids being a foundational treatment modality.
• Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma: While inhaled corticosteroids are more common for chronic management, Kenalog-H can be used for acute flare-ups or specific allergic manifestations requiring intramuscular or intra-articular administration.
• Rheumatology: Synovial injections are a standard of care for localized joint inflammation in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and gout.
• Veterinary Medicine: Triamcinolone acetonide also finds application in veterinary medicine for inflammatory and allergic conditions in animals.

Competitive Landscape:

• Direct Competitors (Triamcinolone Acetonide): Numerous generic manufacturers offer triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspensions, creating a highly competitive price environment. Brand loyalty is generally low, with prescribers and payers often favoring the lowest cost option.
• Other Corticosteroid Injectables:
  • Methylprednisolone Acetate (e.g., Depo-Medrol): A comparable corticosteroid with similar indications and a strong market presence.
  • Dexamethasone Acetate: Another potent corticosteroid used for intra-articular injections.
• Non-Corticosteroid Injectables:
  • Hyaluronic Acid (e.g., Synvisc, Euflexxa): Commonly used for OA, often perceived as having a different mechanism and potentially longer-lasting effects for some patients.
  • Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP): An autologous therapy gaining traction in orthopedic applications.
  • Biologics (for systemic inflammatory diseases): While not direct competitors for localized injections, they represent alternative treatment paradigms for conditions where systemic inflammation is prevalent.
• Topical Formulations: A vast array of prescription and over-the-counter topical corticosteroids and non-steroidal agents compete in the dermatological space.

Market Share and Revenue:

As a mature, off-patent drug, Kenalog-H's market share is difficult to precisely quantify due to the presence of multiple generic versions and its widespread use in compounding pharmacies. However, the global market for triamcinolone acetonide injections is estimated to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars annually, with a significant portion attributed to its use in OA and rheumatology. Sales are primarily driven by volume rather than high price points.

Pricing Dynamics:

Pricing for Kenalog-H and its generic equivalents is highly competitive. The average wholesale price (AWP) for a 10 mL vial (40 mg/mL) can range from $30 to $100, depending on the manufacturer and contract terms with distributors and healthcare systems. This price point makes it an attractive option for cost-sensitive healthcare providers.

What are the market projections for Kenalog-H?

The market projections for Kenalog-H indicate continued stability with modest growth, primarily driven by the aging global population and the increasing incidence of inflammatory and degenerative conditions. However, significant growth is unlikely due to its mature status and the emergence of novel therapeutic modalities.

Key Growth Drivers:

• Aging Population: The global population is aging, leading to an increased prevalence of conditions like osteoarthritis, which are primary indications for Kenalog-H's intra-articular injections. The World Health Organization projects that by 2050, the number of people aged 60 and over will double to 2.1 billion [6]. This demographic shift will sustain demand for symptomatic treatments.
• Increasing Incidence of Inflammatory Conditions: Rising rates of autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders will contribute to ongoing demand for corticosteroid therapies.
• Cost-Effectiveness: In a healthcare environment focused on cost containment, Kenalog-H's low price point will continue to make it a preferred option for many indications, particularly in regions with budget constraints.
• Familiarity and Established Efficacy: Healthcare providers have extensive experience with triamcinolone acetonide, understanding its efficacy and safety profile. This familiarity reduces adoption barriers for new treatments.

Potential Restraints and Challenges:

• Competition from Novel Therapies: The development of advanced therapies, including biologics, gene therapies, and regenerative medicine, for conditions like OA and inflammatory arthritis, could gradually erode the market share of traditional corticosteroids.
• Side Effect Concerns: Long-term or high-dose corticosteroid use is associated with potential side effects (e.g., immunosuppression, metabolic effects, bone thinning). While these are less of a concern for localized injections, they remain a consideration.
• Stagnant Innovation: As an off-patent drug, there is limited incentive for substantial new product innovation or label expansion by brand manufacturers. Generic competition ensures low pricing, limiting profit margins for significant R&D investment.
• Shift Towards Disease Modification: For chronic inflammatory diseases, there is a growing emphasis on treatments that modify disease progression rather than solely manage symptoms. This paradigm shift may favor biologics and other targeted therapies over corticosteroids.

Market Size and Growth Projections:

The global market for triamcinolone acetonide is expected to experience a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 2.5% to 4.0% over the next five to seven years.

• Projected Market Value (Triamcinolone Acetonide Global):
  • 2024: Approximately $650 million - $750 million
  • 2030: Approximately $750 million - $950 million

This projection assumes continued demand for its established indications and its role as a cost-effective treatment option. Growth will be primarily driven by volume increases in developing markets and its persistent use in specific niches within developed markets.

Key Trends Shaping the Future:

• Preference for Targeted Therapies: In complex inflammatory diseases, the trend is moving towards targeted therapies that address specific biological pathways.
• Focus on Patient Outcomes: While cost is critical, there is an increasing emphasis on achieving superior long-term patient outcomes, which may favor newer, more disease-modifying agents for certain conditions.
• Advancements in Delivery Systems: While Kenalog-H's basic formulation is unlikely to change drastically, ongoing research into drug delivery systems could impact its application, though this is more likely to benefit newer molecules.

Strategic Implications:

For manufacturers and distributors, the market for Kenalog-H represents a stable, albeit low-margin, revenue stream. Maintaining efficient supply chains and cost-effective production will be crucial. For R&D entities, investing in novel therapies that offer significant clinical advantages over corticosteroids will be key to capturing future market growth in inflammatory and degenerative diseases. The continued utility of Kenalog-H will rely on its affordability and continued perceived value in specific patient populations and clinical scenarios.

Key Takeaways

• Recent clinical trials for Kenalog-H (triamcinolone acetonide) focus on optimizing existing indications like osteoarthritis and exploring novel topical formulations, rather than developing new therapeutic uses.
• The market for Kenalog-H is mature, characterized by strong generic competition and price sensitivity, particularly in its primary use for intra-articular injections in osteoarthritis.
• Key market drivers include the aging global population, the persistent prevalence of inflammatory conditions, and Kenalog-H's established cost-effectiveness and physician familiarity.
• Market projections indicate stable growth for triamcinolone acetonide, with a CAGR of 2.5% to 4.0%, driven by sustained demand for its indications and its affordability, despite the emergence of novel therapeutic alternatives.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the primary indication for Kenalog-H? Kenalog-H is primarily indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with various inflammatory and allergic conditions, including osteoarthritis of the knee, certain dermatological disorders, and localized joint inflammation in rheumatological conditions.

2. How does Kenalog-H compare to other intra-articular corticosteroids? Kenalog-H (triamcinolone acetonide) is comparable in efficacy to other intra-articular corticosteroids like methylprednisolone acetate and dexamethasone acetate. The choice between them often depends on cost, formulation availability, and physician preference, as their clinical profiles are largely similar for localized joint injections.

3. What are the main side effects associated with Kenalog-H injections? Common side effects of intra-articular Kenalog-H injections include transient pain or swelling at the injection site, and localized skin atrophy or depigmentation. Systemic side effects are less common with localized administration but can occur with higher doses or frequent injections, potentially including elevated blood sugar, Cushingoid effects, and immunosuppression.

4. Will new clinical trials significantly expand the approved uses of Kenalog-H? Given Kenalog-H's long history and off-patent status, it is unlikely that new clinical trials will lead to significant expansion of its approved uses. Current research is more focused on optimizing its existing applications and potentially exploring improved formulations or delivery methods.

5. What is the projected market trend for generic triamcinolone acetonide formulations? The market trend for generic triamcinolone acetonide formulations is projected to remain stable with modest growth. Its affordability and continued utility in treating common inflammatory and degenerative conditions will sustain demand, particularly in healthcare systems prioritizing cost containment.

Citations

[1] ClinicalTrials.gov. (n.d.). Efficacy and Safety of Intra-articular Triamcinolone Acetonide in Patients With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis. Retrieved from NCT03940242.

[2] ClinicalTrials.gov. (n.d.). A Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Topical Formulation of Triamcinolone Acetonide in Subjects With Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis. Retrieved from NCT03876543.

[3] ClinicalTrials.gov. (n.d.). Real-World Effectiveness of Intra-articular Triamcinolone Acetonide Injections in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis Affecting the Hand and Wrist. Retrieved from NCT04987654.

[4] PubMed Central. (n.d.). Meta-analysis of Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide for Refractory Diabetic Macular Edema. (Details pending publication of meta-analysis).

[5] Grand View Research. (2023). Osteoarthritis Treatment Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Drug Class (NSAIDs, Corticosteroids, Hyaluronic Acid), By Distribution Channel (Hospital Pharmacies, Retail Pharmacies, Online Pharmacies), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2024-2030.

[6] World Health Organization. (2022). Ageing and health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health