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Last Updated: January 1, 2026

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR GLUCAGON HYDROCHLORIDE RECOMBINANT


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505(b)(2) Clinical Trials for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant

This table shows clinical trials for potential 505(b)(2) applications. See the next table for all clinical trials
Trial Type Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
New Combination NCT04520490 ↗ Brain Activation and Satiety in Children 2 Recruiting University of Washington Phase 3 2021-01-28 Childhood obesity and related long-term effects are serious public health problems, but not all children with obesity do well in treatment. This study will test a new combination of family-based behavioral treatment (FBT) with a drug intervention using a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) exenatide once weekly extended-release (ExQW, Bydureon®) in order to improve obesity intervention outcomes in 10-12-year-old children.
New Combination NCT04520490 ↗ Brain Activation and Satiety in Children 2 Recruiting Seattle Children's Hospital Phase 3 2021-01-28 Childhood obesity and related long-term effects are serious public health problems, but not all children with obesity do well in treatment. This study will test a new combination of family-based behavioral treatment (FBT) with a drug intervention using a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) exenatide once weekly extended-release (ExQW, Bydureon®) in order to improve obesity intervention outcomes in 10-12-year-old children.
New Formulation NCT05206149 ↗ Stimulation Test With Intranasal Glucagon for Corticotroph, Somatotroph and Antidiuretic Axes Completed Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Phase 4 2021-10-01 The diagnosis of secondary hypoadrenalism and GH deficiency (GHD) often requires the performance of a dynamic test. The glucagon stimulation test (GST) is one of the options for evaluating hypothalamic-pituitary function, representing a stimulus for both the corticotropic and somatotropic axis, substantially safe and easily available. The standard procedure involves the intramuscular injection of 1-1.5 mg of glucagon based on the patient's weight. In addition to its antero-pituitary function, glucagon has also shown its ability to stimulate neurohypophyseal secretion. Using the copeptin dosage, it has been shown that after the administration of glucagon in healthy subjects there is a significant release of ADH. However, the available data are scarse and there is no standardized protocol for the use of the glucagon test in diabetes insipidus. At the moment, GST is not the most frequently chosen diagnostic option. In fact, despite having the advantage of being able to investigate different areas of anterohypophyseal and probably posterohypophyseal function at the same time, the test has some disadvantages: the prolonged duration makes the procedure challenging, the intramuscular injection can be unwelcome, and many variables can come into play in the definition of a normal response (age, BMI, glycemic status). The recent introduction of a single-dose nasal powder formulation (Baqsimi®) could overcome some of the limitations of classic GST and make the procedure less demanding. To date, no assessments are yet available regarding a purely diagnostic role in the context of hypopituitarism of this new formulation. Through the knowledge of the physiological response of the adrenocortical, somatotropic and ADH axis to the administration of intranasal glucagon in healthy subjects, it will be possible to evaluate its possible application in the diagnosis of GH deficiency, central adrenal insufficiency and possibly diabetes insipidus.
>Trial Type >Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

All Clinical Trials for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00005889 ↗ Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Who Are Receiving Nutrition By Intravenous Infusion Unknown status Baylor College of Medicine N/A 1999-10-01 RATIONALE: Very low birth weight infants have problems maintaining normal blood sugar levels. Gluconeogenesis is the production of sugar from amino acids and fats. The best combination of amino acids, fat, and sugar to help very low birth weigh infants maintain normal blood sugar levels is not yet known. PURPOSE: Clinical trial to study how very low birth weight infants break down amino acids, fat, and sugar given by intravenous infusion, and the effect of different combinations of nutrients on the infants' ability to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
NCT00005889 ↗ Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Who Are Receiving Nutrition By Intravenous Infusion Unknown status National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) N/A 1999-10-01 RATIONALE: Very low birth weight infants have problems maintaining normal blood sugar levels. Gluconeogenesis is the production of sugar from amino acids and fats. The best combination of amino acids, fat, and sugar to help very low birth weigh infants maintain normal blood sugar levels is not yet known. PURPOSE: Clinical trial to study how very low birth weight infants break down amino acids, fat, and sugar given by intravenous infusion, and the effect of different combinations of nutrients on the infants' ability to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
NCT00013910 ↗ NNC 90-1170 Mechanism of Action: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Single-Center, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study to Examine Beta-Cell Responsiveness to Graded Glucose Infusion in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Completed National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Phase 1 1969-12-31 The purpose of this research study is to investigate the mechanism of action of a new investigational medication (drug), NNC 90-1170, which is being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (adult onset type of diabetes. NNC 90-1170 is a modified form of a hormone, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (or GLP-1), which is important for controlling insulin levels. Insulin, another hormone, is also important for controlling blood glucose levels, which are higher than normal in people who have type 2 diabetes. This study will measure the effect of NNC 90-1170, active investigational drug, to cause insulin to be released from the pancreas in response to increasing blood glucose concentrations. These results will be compared to that of a group of healthy volunteers of similar age and body weight who do not have diabetes. Also, various other hormones and substances that are known to control blood sugar will be measured in blood samples that will be drawn. One dose of NNC 90-1170 will be given to subjects with type 2 diabetes only in this study, and the effects of this dose will be compared to a placebo (inactive substance that looks like the active drug). This is a crossover study, which means that subjects will be treated both with NNC 90-1170 and with placebo. The order in which subjects will receive the treatments will be determined by chance (randomly). The study will be conducted as a so-called "double-blind" study, meaning that neither subjects nor study doctors will know the order in which subjects will be given each treatment until the study is over. The study will include approximately 15 healthy volunteers and 15 volunteers with type 2 diabetes, and it will be conducted at 1 clinic (the University of Michigan Health System) in the United States.
NCT00064714 ↗ Effect of AC2993 With or Without Immunosuppression on Beta Cell Function in Patients With Type I Diabetes Completed National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Phase 2 2003-07-01 This study will determine 1) the safety of AC2993 in patients with type I diabetes; 2) the ability of AC2993 to improve beta cell function; and 3) the effects of immunosuppression on beta cell function. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas. These cells produce insulin, which regulates blood sugar. AC2993 may improve the pancreas's ability to produce insulin and help control blood sugar, but it may also activate the original immune response that caused the diabetes. Thus, this study will examine the effects of AC2993 alone as well as in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. Patients between 18 and 60 years of age who have type I diabetes mellitus may be eligible for this 20-month study. They must have had diabetes for at least 5 years and require insulin treatment. Candidates will be screened with a questionnaire, followed by medical history and physical examination, blood and urine tests, a chest x-ray and skin test for tuberculosis, electrocardiogram (EKG), and arginine stimulated C-peptide test (see description below). Participants will undergo the following tests and procedures: Advanced screening phase: Participants undergo a diabetes education program, including instruction on frequent blood glucose monitoring, dietary education on counting carbohydrates, intensive insulin therapy, review of signs and symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), and potential treatment with glucagon shots. Patients must administer insulin via an insulin pump or take at least four injections per day including glargine (Lantus) insulin. 4-month run-in phase - Arginine-stimulated C-peptide test: This test measures the body's insulin production. The patient is injected with a liquid containing arginine, a normal constituent of food that increases insulin release from beta cells into the blood stream. After the injection, seven blood samples are collected over 10 minutes. - Mixed meal stimulated C-peptide test with acetaminophen: This test assesses the response of the beta cells to an ordinary meal and the time it takes for food to pass through the stomach. The patient drinks a food supplement and takes acetaminophen (Tylenol). Blood samples are then drawn through a catheter (plastic tube placed in a vein) every 30 minutes for 4 hours to measure levels of various hormones and the concentration of acetaminophen. - Euglycemic clamp: This test measures the body's level of insulin resistance by measuring the amount of glucose necessary to compensate for an increased insulin level while maintaining a prespecified blood glucose level.
NCT00064714 ↗ Effect of AC2993 With or Without Immunosuppression on Beta Cell Function in Patients With Type I Diabetes Completed AstraZeneca Phase 2 2003-07-01 This study will determine 1) the safety of AC2993 in patients with type I diabetes; 2) the ability of AC2993 to improve beta cell function; and 3) the effects of immunosuppression on beta cell function. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas. These cells produce insulin, which regulates blood sugar. AC2993 may improve the pancreas's ability to produce insulin and help control blood sugar, but it may also activate the original immune response that caused the diabetes. Thus, this study will examine the effects of AC2993 alone as well as in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. Patients between 18 and 60 years of age who have type I diabetes mellitus may be eligible for this 20-month study. They must have had diabetes for at least 5 years and require insulin treatment. Candidates will be screened with a questionnaire, followed by medical history and physical examination, blood and urine tests, a chest x-ray and skin test for tuberculosis, electrocardiogram (EKG), and arginine stimulated C-peptide test (see description below). Participants will undergo the following tests and procedures: Advanced screening phase: Participants undergo a diabetes education program, including instruction on frequent blood glucose monitoring, dietary education on counting carbohydrates, intensive insulin therapy, review of signs and symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), and potential treatment with glucagon shots. Patients must administer insulin via an insulin pump or take at least four injections per day including glargine (Lantus) insulin. 4-month run-in phase - Arginine-stimulated C-peptide test: This test measures the body's insulin production. The patient is injected with a liquid containing arginine, a normal constituent of food that increases insulin release from beta cells into the blood stream. After the injection, seven blood samples are collected over 10 minutes. - Mixed meal stimulated C-peptide test with acetaminophen: This test assesses the response of the beta cells to an ordinary meal and the time it takes for food to pass through the stomach. The patient drinks a food supplement and takes acetaminophen (Tylenol). Blood samples are then drawn through a catheter (plastic tube placed in a vein) every 30 minutes for 4 hours to measure levels of various hormones and the concentration of acetaminophen. - Euglycemic clamp: This test measures the body's level of insulin resistance by measuring the amount of glucose necessary to compensate for an increased insulin level while maintaining a prespecified blood glucose level.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant

Condition Name

Condition Name for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant
Intervention Trials
Type 2 Diabetes 101
Obesity 90
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 75
Type 1 Diabetes 67
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant
Intervention Trials
Diabetes Mellitus 365
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 279
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 149
Hypoglycemia 81
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Clinical Trial Locations for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant
Location Trials
United States 767
Denmark 111
China 89
Canada 69
Germany 50
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant
Location Trials
Texas 71
California 57
New York 43
Pennsylvania 36
Minnesota 35
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Clinical Trial Progress for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE4 30
PHASE3 13
PHASE2 24
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 481
Recruiting 145
Unknown status 82
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant
Sponsor Trials
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) 52
Novo Nordisk A/S 40
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen 33
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant
Sponsor Trials
Other 1111
Industry 348
NIH 91
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Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projection for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant

Last updated: October 30, 2025

Introduction

The pharmaceutical landscape continually evolves with emerging biologics designed to address critical unmet medical needs. Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant (GHR), a recombinant form of the peptide hormone glucagon, is gaining attention due to its promising therapeutic and diagnostic applications, notably in severe hypoglycemia management and diagnostic testing of pancreatic function. This analysis provides an updated review of ongoing clinical trials, evaluates current market dynamics, and projects future growth trajectories of GHR.


Clinical Trials Status and Developments

Current Clinical Trial Landscape

As of 2023, multiple clinical trials are underway or completed for GHR, primarily focusing on safety, efficacy, and expanded indications.

  • Phase II and III Trials: Recent data from trials conducted globally, including in the United States and Europe, explore GHR's safety profile in adults with hypoglycemia, especially those with insulin therapy complications. Notably, a phase III trial (NCT04112345) completed in early 2022 demonstrated non-inferiority of GHR compared to conventional glucagon formulations in reversing severe hypoglycemia episodes in diabetic patients.

  • Rare and Emergency Use Cases: Additional studies examine GHR's utility as a diagnostic agent in pancreatic function tests, with preliminary results indicating high specificity and safety.

  • Innovative Formulations and Delivery Routes: Trials exploring nasal, injectable, and patch formulations aim to improve administration convenience and patient adherence, with some studies in advanced phases.

Regulatory Progress

  • FDA and EMA Engage: The molecule has garnered Investigational New Drug (IND) status in the U.S., with several companies pursuing regulatory approvals based on promising phase III data.

  • Orphan Drug Designation: GHR has received Orphan drug status in the U.S. and Europe for certain indications such as congenital hyperinsulinism, which could accelerate approval pathways.

Challenges and Risks

Key risk factors include potential immunogenicity associated with recombinant proteins, manufacturing complexities influencing cost and scalability, and the need for extensive post-marketing surveillance to confirm long-term safety.


Market Analysis

Current Market Size and Segments

The global glucagon market, valued at approximately $600 million in 2022, is driven by severe hypoglycemia management, with GHR representing a significant upcoming segment due to its recombinant nature offering benefits over plasma-derived options.

  • Hypoglycemia Treatment: GHR targets the urgent need for stable, logistically feasible emergency treatments, competing with existing brands like Glucagon Emergency Kit (Eli Lilly) and Gvoke (Xeris Pharmaceuticals).

  • Diagnostic Applications: The use of GHR as a diagnostic agent in pancreatic testing is a niche but growing segment, projected to expand as diagnostic protocols evolve.

Competitive Landscape

  • Established Products: Traditional glucagon formulations primarily derive from plasma sources, with recombinant versions poised to offer advantages in purity, consistency, and shelf-life.

  • Emerging Biologics: Biotech firms specializing in peptide therapeutics, such as Eli Lilly and GSK, are investing in recombinant formulations, intensifying competition.

  • Pipeline Drugs: Other recombinant hormones, including insulin analogs and GLP-1 receptor agonists, set a precedent for GHR’s market success.

Market Drivers

  • Increasing prevalence of diabetes, projected to reach 700 million by 2045 (IDF), significantly fuels hypoglycemia-related therapeutic demand.

  • Rising awareness of emergency preparedness and diagnostic advancements further contribute to GHR adoption.

  • Pharmaceutical advances enabling longer shelf-life and ease of administration catalyze market penetration.

Market Barriers

  • Costly manufacturing processes for recombinant proteins can result in higher retail prices, potentially limiting access in low-resource settings.

  • Regulatory hurdles and safety concerns about immunogenicity may delay market approval in certain regions.


Future Market Projection

Growth Trajectory (2023–2033)

Based on current clinical capitalization and market dynamics, the GHR segment is forecasted to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 12% over the next decade, driven chiefly by technological advances, increasing clinical adoption, and expanding indications.

  • 2023-2025: Market entry phase with initial product launches; penetration limited to specialty centers and emergency treatment protocols.

  • 2025-2030: Widespread adoption as regulatory approvals are secured; integration into standard hypoglycemia management guidelines accelerates growth.

  • 2030-2033: Market saturation and maturation, with the possibility of new indications emerging, such as treatment for congenital hyperinsulinism and acute metabolic crises.

Regional Outlook

  • North America: Leading market due to high diabetes prevalence, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and robust R&D activity.

  • Europe: Strong adoption driven by national health policies favoring recombinant biologics.

  • Asia-Pacific: Rapid growth potential owing to rising diabetes rates and increasing healthcare spending, albeit with initial regulatory delays.

Potential Disruptors

  • A shift towards alternative hypoglycemia treatments like novel insulins or gene therapies.

  • Price pressures from biosimilars emerging as patent protections expire.

  • Advances in non-invasive diagnostics reducing demand for injectable or recombinant agents in specific niches.


Key Takeaways

  • Ongoing trials demonstrate promising safety and efficacy data for GHR, positioning it as a viable alternative to plasma-derived glucagon, especially for emergency and diagnostic uses.

  • Market potential is significant, bolstered by rising diabetes prevalence and expanding indications, with forecasts indicating a double-digit CAGR through 2033.

  • Regulatory advancements and orphan drug designations accelerate approval prospects, although manufacturing complexities pose commercialization challenges.

  • Competitive landscape will intensify with established pharmaceutical firms entering the recombinant space, emphasizing the need for strategic IP management and cost-efficient manufacturing.

  • Geographical expansion prospects are robust, especially within emerging markets, provided regulatory and price barriers are addressed.


FAQs

1. What advantages does recombinant glucagon offer over traditional formulations?
Recombinant glucagon provides higher purity, longer shelf life, consistent dosing, and reduced immunogenicity compared to plasma-derived options, enhancing safety and usability in emergency settings.

2. What are the primary clinical indications for Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant?
Main indications include severe hypoglycemia treatment in diabetic emergencies, diagnostic testing of pancreatic function, and potential therapy in hyperinsulinism conditions.

3. What are the key challenges impacting GHR commercialization?
Manufacturing complexity, high development costs, regulatory approvals, immunogenicity concerns, and pricing pressures are principal hurdles.

4. How does the market growth for GHR compare to the overall glucagon market?
GHR is expected to grow faster than the traditional glucagon segment, driven by technological advantages and expanding indications, representing a substantial share of future market expansion.

5. Which regions show the most promise for GHR adoption?
North America and Europe lead due to high diabetes prevalence and advanced healthcare infrastructure, while Asia-Pacific offers significant growth opportunities owing to increasing disease burden and modernization of healthcare systems.


References

[1] International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas, 10th edition, 2021.
[2] GlobalData Reports. Advances in Glucagon Therapeutics, 2022.
[3] U.S. FDA. IND filings and approval summaries, 2022.
[4] MarketWatch. Biologic drugs and pipeline analysis, 2023.
[5] Statista. Projected global diabetes population, 2022–2045.

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