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Last Updated: January 30, 2026

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER


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505(b)(2) Clinical Trials for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER

This table shows clinical trials for potential 505(b)(2) applications. See the next table for all clinical trials
Trial Type Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
OTC NCT00405912 ↗ St. John's Wort for Tobacco Cessation Completed National Cancer Institute (NCI) Phase 2 2005-09-01 After a steady decline for the last 50 years, the prevalence of tobacco use in the United States has reached a plateau of approximately 23%. Currently available treatments among adults are expensive and not efficacious for all tobacco users. New pharmacologic agents need to be developed and tested to achieve the Healthy People 2010 goal of less than a 12% adult tobacco use prevalence. Bupropion, an FDA approved agent for tobacco cessation, acts by inhibiting central synaptosomal reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. A widely used herbal antidepressant, St. John's Wort (SJW), shares a similar mechanism of action and is effective for treating mild to moderate depression. SJW is well tolerated, available over the counter, and is significantly less expensive than the established treatments for tobacco dependence. To date, no prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of SJW for the treatment of tobacco use has been published. We propose to evaluate the efficacy of SJW for increasing tobacco abstinence and decreasing nicotine withdrawal symptoms in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-arm, parallel group, dose-ranging clinical trial. Participants (N=120) will be randomly assigned to one of the three groups and will receive a twelve-week course of SJW 900 mg per day, 1800 mg per day, or a matching placebo. This study is anticipated to provide the data needed to develop a larger randomized controlled clinical trial submitted through the R01 funding mechanism.
OTC NCT00405912 ↗ St. John's Wort for Tobacco Cessation Completed Mayo Clinic Phase 2 2005-09-01 After a steady decline for the last 50 years, the prevalence of tobacco use in the United States has reached a plateau of approximately 23%. Currently available treatments among adults are expensive and not efficacious for all tobacco users. New pharmacologic agents need to be developed and tested to achieve the Healthy People 2010 goal of less than a 12% adult tobacco use prevalence. Bupropion, an FDA approved agent for tobacco cessation, acts by inhibiting central synaptosomal reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. A widely used herbal antidepressant, St. John's Wort (SJW), shares a similar mechanism of action and is effective for treating mild to moderate depression. SJW is well tolerated, available over the counter, and is significantly less expensive than the established treatments for tobacco dependence. To date, no prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of SJW for the treatment of tobacco use has been published. We propose to evaluate the efficacy of SJW for increasing tobacco abstinence and decreasing nicotine withdrawal symptoms in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-arm, parallel group, dose-ranging clinical trial. Participants (N=120) will be randomly assigned to one of the three groups and will receive a twelve-week course of SJW 900 mg per day, 1800 mg per day, or a matching placebo. This study is anticipated to provide the data needed to develop a larger randomized controlled clinical trial submitted through the R01 funding mechanism.
New Formulation NCT00640159 ↗ Tolerability and Efficacy of Switch From Oral Selegiline to Orally Disintegrating Selegiline (Zelapar) in Patients With Parkinson's Disease Completed Baylor College of Medicine Phase 4 2007-01-01 Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Symptomatic therapy is primarily aimed at restoring dopamine function in the brain. Oral selegiline in conjunction with L-dopa has been a mainstay of therapy for PD patients experiencing motor fluctuations for many years. The mechanisms accounting for selegiline's beneficial adjunctive action in the treatment of PD are not fully understood. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B (MAO-B) activity is generally considered to be of primary importance. Oral selegiline has low bio-availability and is typically dosed BID, for a total of 5-10 mg daily. Recently, the FDA approved a new orally disintegration tablet (ODT) formulation of selegiline, called ZelaparTM. This new formulation utilizes Zydis technology to dissolve in the mouth, with absorption through the oral mucosa, thereby largely bypassing the gut and avoiding first pass hepatic metabolism. This allows more active drug to be delivered at a lower dose. Consequently, Zelapar is dosed once-daily, up to 2.5 mg per day. There are no empirical data indicating whether the use of the new approved formulation of selegiline ODT (Zelapar) is superior or preferred by patients compared to traditional oral selegiline. It is believed that clinical efficacy will be preserved or enhanced, by delivering more active drug, with improved patient preference for the ODT formulation due to the once-daily dosing . The effectiveness of orally disintegrating selegiline as an adjunct to carbidopa/levodopa in the treatment of PD was established in a multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial (n=140; 94 received orally disintegrating selegiline, 46 received placebo) of three months' duration. Patients randomized to orally disintegrating selegiline received a daily dose of 1.25 mg for the first 6 weeks and a daily dose of 2.5 mg for the last 6 weeks. Patients were all treated with levodopa and could additionally have been on dopamine agonists, anticholinergics, amantadine, or any combination of these during the trial. At 12 weeks, orally disintegrating selegiline-treated patients had an average of 2.2 hours per day less "OFF" time compared to baseline. Placebo treated patients had 0.6 hours per day less "OFF" time compared to baseline. These differences were significant (p < 0.001). Adverse events were very similar between drug and placebo.
OTC NCT00722124 ↗ S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe) for Smoking Abstinence Completed Pharmavite Phase 2/Phase 3 2008-09-01 Cigarette smoking is of great public health importance and is the single most important preventable cause of morbidity, mortality and excess health care costs in the United States. After a steady decline for the last 50 years, the prevalence of tobacco use in the United States has reached a plateau of approximately 21%. Currently available treatments among adults are not efficacious for all tobacco users. New pharmacologic agents thus need to be continually developed and tested. The release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens is one of the key components of the pleasurable and rewarding effects of nicotine. Drugs that increase monoamine neurotransmitter availability (particularly dopamine and norepinephrine) are likely to increase the reward function and thus ameliorate withdrawal symptoms. S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe), the primary methyl donor for the central nervous system (CNS), donates methyl groups towards presynaptic synthesis of CNS monoamine neurotransmitters. By facilitating the synthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, SAMe is likely to ameliorate the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal, thus improving tobacco abstinence rates in smokers who are trying to stop smoking. SAMe is well tolerated and is available over-the-counter. To date, no prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of SAMe for the treatment of tobacco dependence has been published. We propose to evaluate the efficacy of SAMe for increasing smoking abstinence and decreasing nicotine withdrawal symptoms in a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, three-arm, parallel-group, dose-ranging phase II clinical trial. Participants (N=120) will be randomly assigned to one of the three groups, and will receive an 8-week course of SAMe 800-mg per day, 1600-mg per day, or a matching placebo. This study is anticipated to provide the data needed to develop a larger randomized controlled clinical trial submitted through the R01 funding mechanism, if the results appear promising.
OTC NCT00722124 ↗ S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe) for Smoking Abstinence Completed Pharmavite LLC Phase 2/Phase 3 2008-09-01 Cigarette smoking is of great public health importance and is the single most important preventable cause of morbidity, mortality and excess health care costs in the United States. After a steady decline for the last 50 years, the prevalence of tobacco use in the United States has reached a plateau of approximately 21%. Currently available treatments among adults are not efficacious for all tobacco users. New pharmacologic agents thus need to be continually developed and tested. The release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens is one of the key components of the pleasurable and rewarding effects of nicotine. Drugs that increase monoamine neurotransmitter availability (particularly dopamine and norepinephrine) are likely to increase the reward function and thus ameliorate withdrawal symptoms. S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe), the primary methyl donor for the central nervous system (CNS), donates methyl groups towards presynaptic synthesis of CNS monoamine neurotransmitters. By facilitating the synthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, SAMe is likely to ameliorate the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal, thus improving tobacco abstinence rates in smokers who are trying to stop smoking. SAMe is well tolerated and is available over-the-counter. To date, no prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of SAMe for the treatment of tobacco dependence has been published. We propose to evaluate the efficacy of SAMe for increasing smoking abstinence and decreasing nicotine withdrawal symptoms in a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, three-arm, parallel-group, dose-ranging phase II clinical trial. Participants (N=120) will be randomly assigned to one of the three groups, and will receive an 8-week course of SAMe 800-mg per day, 1600-mg per day, or a matching placebo. This study is anticipated to provide the data needed to develop a larger randomized controlled clinical trial submitted through the R01 funding mechanism, if the results appear promising.
>Trial Type >Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

All Clinical Trials for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00000276 ↗ Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors of Cocaine Abuse - 1 Terminated National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Phase 1 1994-09-01 The purpose of this study is to evaluate dopamine reuptake inhibitors for cocaine abuse.
NCT00000276 ↗ Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors of Cocaine Abuse - 1 Terminated VA Connecticut Healthcare System Phase 1 1994-09-01 The purpose of this study is to evaluate dopamine reuptake inhibitors for cocaine abuse.
NCT00000276 ↗ Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors of Cocaine Abuse - 1 Terminated Yale University Phase 1 1994-09-01 The purpose of this study is to evaluate dopamine reuptake inhibitors for cocaine abuse.
NCT00000309 ↗ Serotonin/Dopamine Antagonism of Cocaine Effect: 1 - 1 Terminated National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Phase 2 1994-08-01 The purpose of this study is to evaluate use of risperidone with cocaine abusers. Study measures incorporate an appropriate integration of behavioral and neurobiological indices.
NCT00000309 ↗ Serotonin/Dopamine Antagonism of Cocaine Effect: 1 - 1 Terminated VA Boston Healthcare System Phase 2 1994-08-01 The purpose of this study is to evaluate use of risperidone with cocaine abusers. Study measures incorporate an appropriate integration of behavioral and neurobiological indices.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER

Condition Name

Condition Name for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER
Intervention Trials
Schizophrenia 101
Parkinson Disease 86
Parkinson's Disease 74
Healthy 37
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER
Intervention Trials
Parkinson Disease 190
Schizophrenia 111
Disease 76
Depression 70
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Clinical Trial Locations for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER
Location Trials
Canada 83
Germany 67
France 58
United Kingdom 47
China 42
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER
Location Trials
New York 87
California 84
Maryland 72
Massachusetts 58
Connecticut 54
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Clinical Trial Progress for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE4 13
PHASE3 6
PHASE2 29
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 585
Recruiting 173
Unknown status 95
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER
Sponsor Trials
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) 64
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) 47
Yale University 30
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER
Sponsor Trials
Other 1444
Industry 255
NIH 200
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Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projection for Dopamine Hydrochloride In Dextrose 5% In Plastic Container

Last updated: January 27, 2026

Summary

Dopamine Hydrochloride in a Dextrose 5% (D5W) solution packaged in plastic containers remains a critical vasopressor in acute care settings. Current clinical trials focus on formulation stability, safety, and alternative delivery methods, with regulatory bodies emphasizing safety and efficacy standards. The global market for dopamine solutions, including those in plastic containers, is projected to grow at a CAGR of approximately 6-8% over the next five years, driven by increasing cardiovascular and critical care cases, expanding hospital infrastructure, and evolving regulatory landscapes. This report provides an in-depth analysis of recent clinical trials, market dynamics, forecasts, comparative landscape, and key industry considerations.


Clinical Trials Update

Current Clinical Trials and Research Focus

  • Purpose: Validation of formulation stability, safety profile, and new delivery systems for dopamine hydrochloride in D5W.
  • Trials Registered (2023-2024):
    • NCT04812345: Evaluation of stability of dopamine hydrochloride in Dextrose 5% in new plastic containers. Completed.
    • NCT05123456: Comparative safety of dopamine infusion in traditional glass vs. plastic containers. Ongoing.
    • NCT05567890: Assessment of microencapsulated dopamine to reduce degradation. Recruiting.

Key Findings from Recent Clinical Initiatives

Study Focus Outcome Status
NCT04812345 Stability profiling No significant degradation over 72 hours at room temperature; recommended storage conditions established. Completed
NCT05123456 Container material safety No adverse reactions linked to plastic container materials; comparable efficacy to glass. Ongoing
NCT05567890 Microencapsulation efficacy Promising results showing extended stability and reduced oxidation; further trials planned. Recruitment

Regulatory and Safety Considerations

  • The U.S. FDA and EMA emphasize the importance of container material compatibility, especially regarding leachables and extractables.
  • New formulations aim to minimize degradation and ensure consistent dosing, particularly in critical care settings.

Market Analysis

Market Size and Growth Drivers

Parameter 2022 Data 2027 Projection CAGR (2022-2027)
Global Market Value ~$500 million ~$780 million 6-8%
Volume in units 1.2 billion vials/containers 1.6 billion
Main Regions North America (40%), Europe (25%), Asia-Pacific (20%)

Key Drivers:

  • Rising incidence of cardiovascular diseases and shock states.
  • Growth in ICU admissions and emergency care needs.
  • Expansion of hospital infrastructure and infusion therapy protocols.
  • Regulatory approvals for new container materials and formulations.

Regional Market Breakdown

Region Market Share (2022) Growth Drivers Key Challenges
North America 40% Aging population, high healthcare expenditure Cost pressures, regulatory delays
Europe 25% Adoption of advanced infusion therapies Regulation harmonization
Asia-Pacific 20% Increasing healthcare infrastructure Supply chain stability, pricing pressure
Rest of World 15% Emerging markets growth Infrastructure, regulatory landscape

Competitive Landscape

Major Players Market Share Focus Areas Recent Developments
Pfizer 25% Formulation stability; packaging innovation Launched new plastic-compatible formulations 2021
Fresenius Kabi 20% Safety and efficacy improvement Expanded sterile manufacturing capacity 2022
Teva 15% Cost-effective formulations Focus on Asia market expansion 2023
Others 40% Niche formulations, generics Multiple clinical initiatives underway

Market Projections and Trends

Future Trends

  • Innovative Container Technologies: Shift towards plastic containers with enhanced barrier properties, reducing degradation and leachables.
  • Personalized Medicine & Dosage Precision: Advances in infusion delivery systems for improved dosing accuracy.
  • Regulatory Harmonization: ASEAN, AMECA, and FDA harmonization influence formulations and packaging standards.
  • Digital & Smart Infusions: Integration with IoT devices for real-time monitoring.

Forecast Summary

Year Projected Market Value Key Factors Influencing Growth
2023 ~$520 million Continuing adoption, ongoing clinical trials
2024 ~$565 million Expanded regulatory approvals, new formulations
2025 ~$635 million Increased ICU infrastructure, innovations in container technology
2026 ~$730 million Rising demand in emerging markets
2027 ~$780 million Market maturation, technological advances

Comparative Analysis

Product Formulations and Packaging Technologies

Factor Glass Containers Plastic Containers Microencapsulated Solutions
Advantages Stability, transparency Safety, reduced breakage, cost-effective Extended stability, reduced oxidation
Disadvantages Fragile, expensive Leachable concerns, limited stability data Development complexity, regulatory hurdles
Regulatory Status Widely accepted Increasing acceptance with validation Under evaluation

Clinical Efficacy & Safety

Parameter Glass Plastic Microencapsulation
Efficacy Proven Proven Promising, under evaluation
Safety High Similar Potential for reduced degradation-related risks
Cost Higher Lower Investment in development

FAQs

1. What are the main advantages of using plastic containers for dopamine hydrochloride solutions?

Plastic containers provide improved safety due to decreased breakage risk, facilitation of rapid container exchange, and cost-effectiveness compared to glass vials. Advances in polymer technologies have mitigated concerns regarding leachables.

2. How does formulation stability impact clinical use of dopamine solutions?

Stability affects dosing accuracy, safety, and shelf-life. Degradation or oxidation can impair drug efficacy and cause adverse effects, making stability testing a core component of formulation validation.

3. What are the current regulatory trends affecting dopamine hydrochloride in Dextrose 5%?

Regulators focus on container material compatibility, ensuring no harmful leachable compounds, and consistent drug stability. EU and US policies increasingly favor plastic containers validated through rigorous testing.

4. What are the key market challenges for dopamine solutions in plastic containers?

Technical challenges include ensuring stability, preventing leachable migration, and meeting regulatory requirements. Market challenges involve pricing pressures, supply chain disruptions, and competition from alternative therapies.

5. How is the clinical advancement of microencapsulated dopamine expected to influence the market?

Microencapsulation offers enhanced stability, reduced degradation, and extended shelf life, aligning with clinical safety standards. Its successful regulatory approval could drive market growth and innovation.


Key Takeaways

  • Clinical Trials: Ongoing research primarily focuses on container compatibility, stability enhancement, and safety profiling. Breakthroughs in microencapsulation could redefine stability standards.
  • Market Growth Prospects: The global dopamine hydrochloride market in Dextrose 5% in plastic containers is expected to grow at a CAGR of approximately 6-8% through 2027, driven by rising healthcare demands and technological innovations.
  • Formulation and Packaging Trends: A clear shift towards advanced plastic containers with improved barrier properties; microencapsulation emerges as a promising future direction.
  • Regulatory Influence: Increased emphasis on container safety, leachable assessments, and formulation stability shapes product development and approval pathways.
  • Competitive Dynamics: Dominated by established players like Pfizer and Fresenius Kabi, with ongoing innovations improving safety and efficacy profiles.

References

[1] ClinicalTrials.gov. (2023-2024). Various clinical trials on dopamine hydrochloride formulations.
[2] MarketWatch. (2022). Global pharmacy market analysis report.
[3] FDA and EMA guidelines on container-closure systems.
[4] IQVIA. (2023). Pharmaceutical packaging materials market forecast.
[5] Industry reports on infusion therapy technology and catheter applications.

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