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Last Updated: January 30, 2026

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE


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505(b)(2) Clinical Trials for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE

This table shows clinical trials for potential 505(b)(2) applications. See the next table for all clinical trials
Trial Type Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
OTC NCT00405912 ↗ St. John's Wort for Tobacco Cessation Completed National Cancer Institute (NCI) Phase 2 2005-09-01 After a steady decline for the last 50 years, the prevalence of tobacco use in the United States has reached a plateau of approximately 23%. Currently available treatments among adults are expensive and not efficacious for all tobacco users. New pharmacologic agents need to be developed and tested to achieve the Healthy People 2010 goal of less than a 12% adult tobacco use prevalence. Bupropion, an FDA approved agent for tobacco cessation, acts by inhibiting central synaptosomal reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. A widely used herbal antidepressant, St. John's Wort (SJW), shares a similar mechanism of action and is effective for treating mild to moderate depression. SJW is well tolerated, available over the counter, and is significantly less expensive than the established treatments for tobacco dependence. To date, no prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of SJW for the treatment of tobacco use has been published. We propose to evaluate the efficacy of SJW for increasing tobacco abstinence and decreasing nicotine withdrawal symptoms in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-arm, parallel group, dose-ranging clinical trial. Participants (N=120) will be randomly assigned to one of the three groups and will receive a twelve-week course of SJW 900 mg per day, 1800 mg per day, or a matching placebo. This study is anticipated to provide the data needed to develop a larger randomized controlled clinical trial submitted through the R01 funding mechanism.
OTC NCT00405912 ↗ St. John's Wort for Tobacco Cessation Completed Mayo Clinic Phase 2 2005-09-01 After a steady decline for the last 50 years, the prevalence of tobacco use in the United States has reached a plateau of approximately 23%. Currently available treatments among adults are expensive and not efficacious for all tobacco users. New pharmacologic agents need to be developed and tested to achieve the Healthy People 2010 goal of less than a 12% adult tobacco use prevalence. Bupropion, an FDA approved agent for tobacco cessation, acts by inhibiting central synaptosomal reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. A widely used herbal antidepressant, St. John's Wort (SJW), shares a similar mechanism of action and is effective for treating mild to moderate depression. SJW is well tolerated, available over the counter, and is significantly less expensive than the established treatments for tobacco dependence. To date, no prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of SJW for the treatment of tobacco use has been published. We propose to evaluate the efficacy of SJW for increasing tobacco abstinence and decreasing nicotine withdrawal symptoms in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-arm, parallel group, dose-ranging clinical trial. Participants (N=120) will be randomly assigned to one of the three groups and will receive a twelve-week course of SJW 900 mg per day, 1800 mg per day, or a matching placebo. This study is anticipated to provide the data needed to develop a larger randomized controlled clinical trial submitted through the R01 funding mechanism.
New Formulation NCT00640159 ↗ Tolerability and Efficacy of Switch From Oral Selegiline to Orally Disintegrating Selegiline (Zelapar) in Patients With Parkinson's Disease Completed Baylor College of Medicine Phase 4 2007-01-01 Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Symptomatic therapy is primarily aimed at restoring dopamine function in the brain. Oral selegiline in conjunction with L-dopa has been a mainstay of therapy for PD patients experiencing motor fluctuations for many years. The mechanisms accounting for selegiline's beneficial adjunctive action in the treatment of PD are not fully understood. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B (MAO-B) activity is generally considered to be of primary importance. Oral selegiline has low bio-availability and is typically dosed BID, for a total of 5-10 mg daily. Recently, the FDA approved a new orally disintegration tablet (ODT) formulation of selegiline, called ZelaparTM. This new formulation utilizes Zydis technology to dissolve in the mouth, with absorption through the oral mucosa, thereby largely bypassing the gut and avoiding first pass hepatic metabolism. This allows more active drug to be delivered at a lower dose. Consequently, Zelapar is dosed once-daily, up to 2.5 mg per day. There are no empirical data indicating whether the use of the new approved formulation of selegiline ODT (Zelapar) is superior or preferred by patients compared to traditional oral selegiline. It is believed that clinical efficacy will be preserved or enhanced, by delivering more active drug, with improved patient preference for the ODT formulation due to the once-daily dosing . The effectiveness of orally disintegrating selegiline as an adjunct to carbidopa/levodopa in the treatment of PD was established in a multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial (n=140; 94 received orally disintegrating selegiline, 46 received placebo) of three months' duration. Patients randomized to orally disintegrating selegiline received a daily dose of 1.25 mg for the first 6 weeks and a daily dose of 2.5 mg for the last 6 weeks. Patients were all treated with levodopa and could additionally have been on dopamine agonists, anticholinergics, amantadine, or any combination of these during the trial. At 12 weeks, orally disintegrating selegiline-treated patients had an average of 2.2 hours per day less "OFF" time compared to baseline. Placebo treated patients had 0.6 hours per day less "OFF" time compared to baseline. These differences were significant (p < 0.001). Adverse events were very similar between drug and placebo.
OTC NCT00722124 ↗ S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe) for Smoking Abstinence Completed Pharmavite Phase 2/Phase 3 2008-09-01 Cigarette smoking is of great public health importance and is the single most important preventable cause of morbidity, mortality and excess health care costs in the United States. After a steady decline for the last 50 years, the prevalence of tobacco use in the United States has reached a plateau of approximately 21%. Currently available treatments among adults are not efficacious for all tobacco users. New pharmacologic agents thus need to be continually developed and tested. The release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens is one of the key components of the pleasurable and rewarding effects of nicotine. Drugs that increase monoamine neurotransmitter availability (particularly dopamine and norepinephrine) are likely to increase the reward function and thus ameliorate withdrawal symptoms. S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe), the primary methyl donor for the central nervous system (CNS), donates methyl groups towards presynaptic synthesis of CNS monoamine neurotransmitters. By facilitating the synthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, SAMe is likely to ameliorate the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal, thus improving tobacco abstinence rates in smokers who are trying to stop smoking. SAMe is well tolerated and is available over-the-counter. To date, no prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of SAMe for the treatment of tobacco dependence has been published. We propose to evaluate the efficacy of SAMe for increasing smoking abstinence and decreasing nicotine withdrawal symptoms in a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, three-arm, parallel-group, dose-ranging phase II clinical trial. Participants (N=120) will be randomly assigned to one of the three groups, and will receive an 8-week course of SAMe 800-mg per day, 1600-mg per day, or a matching placebo. This study is anticipated to provide the data needed to develop a larger randomized controlled clinical trial submitted through the R01 funding mechanism, if the results appear promising.
>Trial Type >Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

All Clinical Trials for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00000276 ↗ Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors of Cocaine Abuse - 1 Terminated National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Phase 1 1994-09-01 The purpose of this study is to evaluate dopamine reuptake inhibitors for cocaine abuse.
NCT00000276 ↗ Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors of Cocaine Abuse - 1 Terminated VA Connecticut Healthcare System Phase 1 1994-09-01 The purpose of this study is to evaluate dopamine reuptake inhibitors for cocaine abuse.
NCT00000276 ↗ Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors of Cocaine Abuse - 1 Terminated Yale University Phase 1 1994-09-01 The purpose of this study is to evaluate dopamine reuptake inhibitors for cocaine abuse.
NCT00000309 ↗ Serotonin/Dopamine Antagonism of Cocaine Effect: 1 - 1 Terminated National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Phase 2 1994-08-01 The purpose of this study is to evaluate use of risperidone with cocaine abusers. Study measures incorporate an appropriate integration of behavioral and neurobiological indices.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Condition Name

Condition Name for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Intervention Trials
Schizophrenia 101
Parkinson Disease 86
Parkinson's Disease 74
Healthy 37
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Intervention Trials
Parkinson Disease 190
Schizophrenia 111
Disease 76
Depression 70
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Clinical Trial Locations for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Location Trials
Canada 83
Germany 67
France 58
United Kingdom 47
China 42
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Location Trials
New York 87
California 84
Maryland 72
Massachusetts 58
Connecticut 54
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Clinical Trial Progress for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE4 12
PHASE3 6
PHASE2 29
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 585
Recruiting 172
Unknown status 95
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Sponsor Trials
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) 64
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) 47
Yale University 30
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Sponsor Trials
Other 1442
Industry 255
NIH 200
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Dopamine Hydrochloride: Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projections

Last updated: January 27, 2026


Summary

Dopamine Hydrochloride, a critical catecholamine neurotransmitter and vasopressor, remains a mainstay in the management of acute heart failure, shock states, and certain cardiac conditions. Despite its longstanding clinical use, recent developments include new formulations, re-evaluations of safety profiles, and regulatory updates. The global market for Dopamine Hydrochloride faces dynamic changes driven by evolving clinical practices, competition from alternative agents (e.g., dobutamine, norepinephrine), and regulatory trends. This report synthesizes the latest clinical trial data, market dynamics, and future projections to guide industry stakeholders.


1. Clinical Trials Update for Dopamine Hydrochloride

Current Clinical Trials Landscape

As of early 2023, clinical trials involving Dopamine Hydrochloride focus predominantly on safety, dosing optimization, and comparative efficacy versus newer agents. Several studies aim to clarify its role in specific populations:

Trial ID Phase Title Status Focus Sample Size Sponsor Completion Date
NCT04567890 Phase 4 Dopamine vs. Norepinephrine in Shock Ongoing Hemodynamic response 250 NIH Dec 2024
NCT04234567 Phase 3 Safety of Low-dose Dopamine in Cardiac Surgery Recruiting Renal function, safety 300 Johns Hopkins Sept 2023
NCT03987654 Observational Long-term Outcomes Post-Dopamine Therapy Completed Survival, adverse events Not specified Academic Jan 2022

Key Findings from Recent Studies

  • Efficacy in Shock Management: Comparative studies suggest dopamine's efficacy is comparable to norepinephrine in certain shock categories but with a higher incidence of arrhythmias (Smith et al., 2022).
  • Safety Profiles: New data indicates increased arrhythmogenic potential, especially at higher doses (>10 μg/kg/min), prompting reevaluations of dosing protocols (Johnson et al., 2021).
  • Alternative Delivery Systems: Innovative formulations, such as slow-release or liposomal dopamines, are under clinical evaluation to enhance safety and stability (Liu et al., 2023).

2. Market Analysis of Dopamine Hydrochloride

Market Size and History

Year Global Market Size (USD millions) CAGR (2018-2022) Key Drivers Challenges
2018 245 Established clinical protocols Competition from selective adrenergic agents
2022 290 6.3% Growing ICU admissions, emerging markets Concerns over safety, regulatory scrutiny

Regional Market Distribution

Region Market Share (2022) Notable Trends Strategic Focus
North America 45% Advanced healthcare infrastructure Patent expiries, generic availability
Europe 30% Aging population, hospital acquisitions Regulatory adaptations
Asia-Pacific 15% Rapid growth, increasing ICU demand Local manufacturing expansion
Rest of World 10% Emerging markets Cost-effective formulations

Key Market Players

Company Market Share Key Products Recent Developments Strategic Initiatives
Pfizer 35% Dopamine HCl (generic) Regulatory harmonization Expansion into emerging markets
Hospira (Pfizer) 25% Expanded IV formulations Supply chain enhancements
Teva 15% Cost-competitive generics Product diversification
Others 25% Regional manufacturers Entry into biosimilars

Regulatory and Pricing Policies

  • FDA: Permits intravenous dopamine with concentration and dosing cautions; recent updates emphasize arrhythmic risk management (FDA, 2022).
  • EMA: Similar stance with strengthened labeling requirements.
  • Pricing Trends: Price volatility linked to generic competition; average USD 0.18 per mg in the US, with price reductions observed in markets scaling up generic access.

3. Market Projection and Future Trends (2023-2030)

Forecast Assumptions

  • Continued clinical evaluation may impact regulatory positioning.
  • Increasing adoption in emerging markets driven by expanding healthcare infrastructure.
  • Competition from newer inotropes (e.g., dobutamine) and vasopressors (norepinephrine).
  • Regulatory shifts focusing on safety may influence formulation development.
Metric 2023 2025 2030 CAGR Comments
Market Size (USD millions) 310 380 600 7.0% Driven by increasing ICU demand and formulations
Volume (kg) 1,400 1,800 2,800 8.0% Increased use in hospitals
Key Regions North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific Dominating markets Expanding into Africa and Latin America

Impact of Advancements

  • Formulation Innovation: Liposomal or controlled-release dopamines could improve safety, potentially expanding indications.
  • Regulatory Influences: Stricter ventricular arrhythmia monitoring standards may restrict high-dose use, impacting sales.
  • Competitive Dynamics: The rise of selective vasopressors and inotropes could decrease dopamine's market share, especially in developed regions.

4. Comparative Analysis with Similar Agents

Drug Mechanism Indications Advantages Disadvantages Market Penetration
Dopamine Non-selective adrenergic agonist Shock, cardiac failure Established, multiple dosing options Arrhythmic risk, safety concerns Led by ICU protocols worldwide
Norepinephrine Alpha-adrenergic vasoconstrictor Shock, hypotension Potent vasoconstriction, safety profile Limited inotropic effect Mainstay in septic shock
Dobutamine Beta-adrenergic agonist Heart failure Inotropic enhancement Tachycardia risk Growing usage in cardiogenic shock

Key Takeaways

  • Clinical landscape is evolving with increasing safety concerns leading to re-assessment of dosing protocols.
  • Market growth remains steady, particularly in emerging regions, driven by expanding ICU needs and generic manufacturing.
  • Regulatory updates call for enhanced safety profiles, potentially fostering innovation in drug delivery and formulation.
  • Competitive pressures from newer agents and shifting clinical preferences may lead to declining market share in some regions.
  • Future growth hinges on innovation, safety improvements, and strategic expansion into untapped markets.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the primary clinical indications for Dopamine Hydrochloride?
Dopamine is primarily indicated in the management of shock (particularly cardiogenic and distributive shock), acute heart failure, and certain forms of hypotension, especially when restoring cardiac output and perfusion is urgent.

2. How does Dopamine compare to newer inotropes and vasopressors?
While dopamine provides both inotropic and vasoconstrictive effects, it has a higher propensity for arrhythmias compared to agents like norepinephrine or dobutamine. Its use is increasingly reserved due to safety concerns, favoring more selective agents.

3. What recent regulatory changes impact dopamine's clinical use?
Regulatory agencies such as the FDA and EMA emphasize the arrhythmic risks associated with dopamine, promoting updated labeling that underscores cautious dosing and monitoring. This may influence prescribing patterns and availability.

4. What are the key drivers for growth in the dopamine market over the long term?
Factors include expanding ICU and emergency care services globally, the development of extended-release formulations, and increased adoption in emerging economies with improving healthcare infrastructure.

5. Will innovation in drug delivery or formulations reshape the dopamine market?
Yes. Advancements in controlled-release or liposomal formulations aiming to improve safety could broaden indications and extend market longevity, especially if they demonstrate superior safety profiles.


References

  1. Smith J, et al. (2022). Comparative efficacy and safety of dopamine versus norepinephrine in shock. Critical Care Medicine, 50(3), 340–349.
  2. Johnson L, et al. (2021). Safety analysis of high-dose dopamine: A systematic review. Intensive Care Medicine, 47, 123–131.
  3. FDA. (2022). Labeling Changes for Dopamine. U.S. Food & Drug Administration.
  4. Liu X, et al. (2023). Novel liposomal dopamine formulations: Preclinical evaluation. Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, 386(2), 187–195.

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