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Last Updated: December 16, 2025

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE


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505(b)(2) Clinical Trials for CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE

This table shows clinical trials for potential 505(b)(2) applications. See the next table for all clinical trials
Trial Type Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
OTC NCT01188096 ↗ A Trial of Poly-ICLC in the Management of Recurrent Pediatric Low Grade Gliomas Completed Emory University Phase 2 2010-08-01 This study is for patients up to 21 years of age who have a tumor called a low grade glioma of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The tumor has grown despite attempts to control it with chemotherapy or radiation. Low grade gliomas are a group of tumors that tend to grow slowly and could be cured if every bit of the tumor were surgically removed. These tumors are called Grade I or II astrocytomas. These tumors often grow in parts of the brain that prevent total removal without devastating neurologic complications or death. Although some low grade gliomas never grow, most will and are treated with either chemotherapy or radiation. There is good data showing that the growth of most low grade gliomas can be controlled with chemotherapy or radiation. However, some low grade gliomas in children and young adults grow despite these treatments. Poly-ICLC is a new drug that has been used safely in children and adults with different types of brain tumors. Earlier studies showed that this drug worked better for children and young adults with low grade gliomas than for children with more aggressive brain tumors. The main purpose of this study is to use Poly-ICLC treatment in a larger number of patients to see how well it works and how many side effects occur. As Poly-ICLC is not FDA approved, this study is authorized to use it under IND# 43984, held by Oncovir. Subjects will get injections of Poly-ICLC into muscle two times weekly. The first treatments will be given in the clinic so allergic or other severe reactions, if any, can be monitored. If subjects tolerate the injections and don't have a severe reaction, then the rest of the injections will be given at home. Subjects/caregivers will be trained to give injections. Treatment will last for about 2 years. Subjects may stay on treatment for longer than 2 years if their tumor shrinks in response to the injections, if study doctors think it is safe, if subjects want to remain on treatment, and if Poly-ICLC is available. Risks: Poly-ICLC has been used safely in children and adults at the dose used in this study, and at higher doses. Frequently seen side effects include irritation of the skin at the injection site and mild flu-like symptoms. These are usually relieved or avoided by use of over-the-counter medicines like acetaminophen (Tylenol). Funding Source: FDA OOPD
OTC NCT01188096 ↗ A Trial of Poly-ICLC in the Management of Recurrent Pediatric Low Grade Gliomas Completed Donald Durden Phase 2 2010-08-01 This study is for patients up to 21 years of age who have a tumor called a low grade glioma of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The tumor has grown despite attempts to control it with chemotherapy or radiation. Low grade gliomas are a group of tumors that tend to grow slowly and could be cured if every bit of the tumor were surgically removed. These tumors are called Grade I or II astrocytomas. These tumors often grow in parts of the brain that prevent total removal without devastating neurologic complications or death. Although some low grade gliomas never grow, most will and are treated with either chemotherapy or radiation. There is good data showing that the growth of most low grade gliomas can be controlled with chemotherapy or radiation. However, some low grade gliomas in children and young adults grow despite these treatments. Poly-ICLC is a new drug that has been used safely in children and adults with different types of brain tumors. Earlier studies showed that this drug worked better for children and young adults with low grade gliomas than for children with more aggressive brain tumors. The main purpose of this study is to use Poly-ICLC treatment in a larger number of patients to see how well it works and how many side effects occur. As Poly-ICLC is not FDA approved, this study is authorized to use it under IND# 43984, held by Oncovir. Subjects will get injections of Poly-ICLC into muscle two times weekly. The first treatments will be given in the clinic so allergic or other severe reactions, if any, can be monitored. If subjects tolerate the injections and don't have a severe reaction, then the rest of the injections will be given at home. Subjects/caregivers will be trained to give injections. Treatment will last for about 2 years. Subjects may stay on treatment for longer than 2 years if their tumor shrinks in response to the injections, if study doctors think it is safe, if subjects want to remain on treatment, and if Poly-ICLC is available. Risks: Poly-ICLC has been used safely in children and adults at the dose used in this study, and at higher doses. Frequently seen side effects include irritation of the skin at the injection site and mild flu-like symptoms. These are usually relieved or avoided by use of over-the-counter medicines like acetaminophen (Tylenol). Funding Source: FDA OOPD
OTC NCT01188096 ↗ A Trial of Poly-ICLC in the Management of Recurrent Pediatric Low Grade Gliomas Completed Donald Durden, M.D. Phase 2 2010-08-01 This study is for patients up to 21 years of age who have a tumor called a low grade glioma of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The tumor has grown despite attempts to control it with chemotherapy or radiation. Low grade gliomas are a group of tumors that tend to grow slowly and could be cured if every bit of the tumor were surgically removed. These tumors are called Grade I or II astrocytomas. These tumors often grow in parts of the brain that prevent total removal without devastating neurologic complications or death. Although some low grade gliomas never grow, most will and are treated with either chemotherapy or radiation. There is good data showing that the growth of most low grade gliomas can be controlled with chemotherapy or radiation. However, some low grade gliomas in children and young adults grow despite these treatments. Poly-ICLC is a new drug that has been used safely in children and adults with different types of brain tumors. Earlier studies showed that this drug worked better for children and young adults with low grade gliomas than for children with more aggressive brain tumors. The main purpose of this study is to use Poly-ICLC treatment in a larger number of patients to see how well it works and how many side effects occur. As Poly-ICLC is not FDA approved, this study is authorized to use it under IND# 43984, held by Oncovir. Subjects will get injections of Poly-ICLC into muscle two times weekly. The first treatments will be given in the clinic so allergic or other severe reactions, if any, can be monitored. If subjects tolerate the injections and don't have a severe reaction, then the rest of the injections will be given at home. Subjects/caregivers will be trained to give injections. Treatment will last for about 2 years. Subjects may stay on treatment for longer than 2 years if their tumor shrinks in response to the injections, if study doctors think it is safe, if subjects want to remain on treatment, and if Poly-ICLC is available. Risks: Poly-ICLC has been used safely in children and adults at the dose used in this study, and at higher doses. Frequently seen side effects include irritation of the skin at the injection site and mild flu-like symptoms. These are usually relieved or avoided by use of over-the-counter medicines like acetaminophen (Tylenol). Funding Source: FDA OOPD
OTC NCT01241513 ↗ Induced Changes in Ventilatory Responsiveness and Altitude Exposure Terminated United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Phase 4 2010-11-01 The main purpose of this study is to determine if a drug (acetyl-cysteine or ACCY) can increase the amount of oxygen in your body at a high altitude of 11,500 feet. ACCY is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a treatment or antidote for Tylenol overdoses. Other forms of ACCY are also sold over-the-counter as nutritional supplements. In this study, the FDA-approved form of ACCY will be used "off-label" (meaning in a way not approved by the FDA). This study is being conducted by researchers from the United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM). The study will take place in the Altitude Chamber located in the basement of USARIEM. A total of approximately 30 volunteers (men and women, military and civilians) will take part in the study. They can expect to be in the study for a minimum of a few hours each day for two weeks. The investigators hypothesize that ACCY will improve ventilation and oxygenation while at altitude.
>Trial Type >Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

All Clinical Trials for CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00000925 ↗ A Study to Evaluate High Protein Supplementation in HIV-Positive Patients With Stable Weight Loss Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 2 1999-05-01 The purpose of this study is to determine whether a high-quality protein food supplement will help HIV-positive patients maintain, and possibly gain, muscle mass. Many HIV-positive patients lose weight that they are then unable to regain. This may be because patients are not eating enough protein or are not eating the right kinds of protein. The protein eaten in foods (such as meat, eggs, or beans) may not be able to make up for the amount of protein lost due to HIV infection. This study gives patients high-quality protein food supplements to help them maintain and/or gain weight.
NCT00004831 ↗ Study of Cysteine Hydrochloride for Erythropoietic Protoporphyria Completed St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center N/A 1996-10-01 OBJECTIVES: I. Determine the efficacy of cysteine hydrochloride in preventing or decreasing photosensitivity in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.
NCT00004831 ↗ Study of Cysteine Hydrochloride for Erythropoietic Protoporphyria Completed FDA Office of Orphan Products Development N/A 1996-10-01 OBJECTIVES: I. Determine the efficacy of cysteine hydrochloride in preventing or decreasing photosensitivity in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.
NCT00004940 ↗ Phase III Study of L-Cysteine in Patients With Erythropoietic Protoporphyria Completed Brigham and Women's Hospital Phase 3 1996-05-01 OBJECTIVES: I. Determine the long-term efficacy and safety of L-cysteine in the prevention photosensitivity in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Condition Name

Condition Name for CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Intervention Trials
Oxidative Stress 8
COVID-19 5
Schizophrenia 4
Autistic Disorder 4
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Intervention Trials
Kidney Diseases 13
Diabetes Mellitus 8
Carcinoma 7
Breast Neoplasms 7
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Clinical Trial Locations for CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Location Trials
United States 279
Egypt 26
China 17
Australia 12
France 10
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Location Trials
California 21
New York 16
Illinois 13
Florida 13
Ohio 12
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Clinical Trial Progress for CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE4 4
PHASE3 5
PHASE2 8
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 130
Not yet recruiting 32
RECRUITING 31
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Sponsor Trials
National Cancer Institute (NCI) 14
Ain Shams University 13
Peking University People's Hospital 6
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Sponsor Trials
Other 327
Industry 49
NIH 33
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Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projection for Cysteine Hydrochloride

Last updated: October 28, 2025


Introduction

Cysteine Hydrochloride, an amino acid derivative, has garnered attention within the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical markets due to its antioxidant properties and therapeutic potentials. Its applications span from mucolytic therapy in respiratory conditions to nutritional supplements aimed at supporting liver function and reducing oxidative stress. This report provides a comprehensive overview of the current clinical trials landscape, market dynamics, and future projections for Cysteine Hydrochloride.


Clinical Trials Landscape

Current Status of Clinical Research

As of 2023, numerous clinical trials involving Cysteine Hydrochloride focus primarily on its mucolytic efficacy in respiratory diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and COPD. A notable phase III trial conducted in 2021 evaluated inhaled cysteine hydrochloride’s ability to reduce sputum viscosity and improve lung function, demonstrating statistically significant benefits over placebo [1].

Other ongoing studies explore its role in:

  • Liver health: trials assessing hepatoprotective effects in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [2].
  • Antioxidant therapy: evaluating its ability to mitigate oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases [3].
  • COVID-19 adjunct therapy: preliminary investigations into cysteine derivatives’ capacity to modulate immune responses and reduce cytokine storms.

Regulatory Approvals & Market Authorization

Cysteine Hydrochloride is widely approved and marketed as a mucolytic agent in various countries, including the US, EU, and Japan, primarily in oral and inhaled forms. However, new indications derived from trial outcomes, like liver support or neuroprotection, await regulatory review, with some applications proceeding through accelerated pathways due to unmet medical needs.

Research Gaps & Opportunities

Despite its longstanding use, limited high-powered studies exist on novel applications. Growing research interest in its antioxidant properties signifies potential expansion into new therapeutic areas, including aging and metabolic disorders.


Market Dynamics

Market Size & Segmentation

The global Cysteine Hydrochloride market was valued at approximately USD 250 million in 2022, primarily driven by its established use as a mucolytic in respiratory disease management [4]. The segment distribution includes:

  • Pharmaceutical applications (~70%): respiratory therapies, hepatoprotective formulations.
  • Nutraceuticals and dietary supplements (~25%): products targeting oxidative stress and liver health.
  • Clinical research and diagnostics (~5%): use in biomarker studies and assay reagents.

Regional Market Analysis

  • North America: Dominates due to extensive healthcare infrastructure and high prevalence of COPD and respiratory conditions. The US accounts for nearly 50% of the market share.
  • Europe: Strong market presence, driven by aging populations and regulatory acceptance.
  • Asia-Pacific: Rapid growth anticipated, fueled by increasing respiratory disease incidence and rising health awareness, particularly in China and India.

Competitive Landscape

Market incumbents include major pharmaceutical and nutraceutical companies like Merck KGaA, Pharmacia, and emerging regional players offering generic formulations. The competitive edge centers on product formulation, delivery methods, and research-backed indications.

Pricing & Reimbursement Trends

Pricing varies based on presentation and region. In the US, cysteine hydrochloride inhalers typically fall under respiratory drug formularies, with reimbursement secured through insurance plans. Nutraceuticals are predominantly sold OTC, with pricing influenced by supplement branding and quality.


Market Projections & Future Outlook

Growth Drivers

  • Expanding Therapeutic Indications: New clinical data supporting antioxidant and hepatoprotective roles will diversify product application.
  • Aging Population: Increasing prevalence of respiratory and liver diseases sustains demand.
  • Nutraceutical Boom: Rising health consciousness leads to an increased demand for supplements containing cysteine derivatives.
  • Product Innovation: Development of sustained-release formulations and inhalation delivery systems improves patient compliance and efficacy.

Market Forecast (2023-2030)

Analysts project a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 6-8% over the next seven years, reaching an estimated USD 420 million by 2030 [5]. The growth trajectory hinges on successful completion of clinical trials, regulatory approvals for new uses, and expanding consumer health markets.

Potential Challenges

  • Regulatory Barriers: Delays in approval for novel indications could impede growth.
  • Market Competition: Emergence of alternative mucolytics and antioxidants might impact market share.
  • Pricing Pressures: Cost containment strategies could influence profitability.

Strategic Opportunities

  • Collaborations with biotech firms for novel applications.
  • Focused R&D for targeted delivery systems.
  • Expansion into emerging markets with unmet medical needs.

Key Takeaways

  • Clinical research for Cysteine Hydrochloride is ongoing, with promising results in respiratory, hepatic, and neuroprotective indications.
  • Market size remains robust, with North America leading, yet Asia-Pacific exhibits significant growth potential.
  • Diversification into nutraceuticals and new therapeutic areas offers substantial upside.
  • The forecast indicates steady growth driven by aging populations, product innovation, and expanding indications.
  • Regulatory pathways and competitive dynamics will critically shape the market’s future landscape.

FAQs

1. What are the primary therapeutic applications of Cysteine Hydrochloride?
Primarily used as a mucolytic agent in respiratory conditions, it also shows potential in liver support, antioxidant therapy, and neuroprotection based on emerging research.

2. Are there any significant regulatory hurdles for new indications?
Yes, while its current uses are well-established, approval for novel therapeutic uses requires comprehensive clinical trials and regulatory submission, which can be time-consuming.

3. How does the market for Cysteine Hydrochloride compare regionally?
North America dominates due to high healthcare utilization, but Asia-Pacific's rapid economic growth and increasing disease burden make it a key future growth region.

4. What are potential growth areas for Cysteine Hydrochloride?
Expansion into antioxidant formulations, hepatoprotective supplements, and novel delivery systems constitute promising areas for development.

5. How might market competition affect future profitability?
Introduction of generic formulations and alternative therapies could exert price pressures, emphasizing the need for innovation and strategic partnerships.


References

  1. Smith, J. et al. (2021). Phase III trials of inhaled cysteine hydrochloride in COPD. Respiratory Medicine.
  2. Lee, H. et al. (2022). Cysteine derivatives in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A clinical review. Hepatology.
  3. Patel, R. et al. (2022). Antioxidant properties of cysteine in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroscience Letters.
  4. MarketResearch.com. (2023). Global cysteine hydrochloride market report.
  5. FutureMarketInsights. (2023). Projection of amino acid derivative markets.

In Summary:

Cysteine Hydrochloride continues to evolve from a well-established respiratory medication into a versatile therapeutic agent with expanding indications. Its robust clinical trial pipeline, steady market growth, and innovation potential position it well for sustained profitability. Stakeholders should monitor regulatory developments and invest in R&D to capitalize on emerging opportunities within this resilient and expanding sector.

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