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Last Updated: December 12, 2025

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR CYCLOSPORINE


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505(b)(2) Clinical Trials for CYCLOSPORINE

This table shows clinical trials for potential 505(b)(2) applications. See the next table for all clinical trials
Trial Type Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
New Combination NCT00373815 ↗ Everolimus in Combination With Cyclosporine A and Prednisolone for the Treatment of Graft Versus Host Disease Terminated University Hospital Tuebingen Phase 1 2006-09-01 The present protocol is a dose-finding and toxicity study in preparation of a randomised study comparing current standard treatment CSA/prednisolone with the new combination CSA/prednisolone/everolimus.
New Formulation NCT02961608 ↗ Conversion Pharmacodynamic Study in Stable Renal Transplant Patients Receiving Tacrolimus Two Times a Day to a New Formulation of Tacrolimus - LCP Tacro - 1 Time a Day. Completed Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge Phase 4 2016-05-01 LCP-Tacro is an extended-release formulation of tacrolimus designed for once-daily dosing. Phase 1 studies demonstrated greater bioavailability than twice-daily tacrolimus capsules and no new safety concerns. - Stable kidney transplant patients can be safely converted from Adoport® twice-daily to LCP-Tacro®. - The greater bioavailability of LCP-Tacro after once-daily dosing results in similar (AUC) exposure, at a dose approximately 30% less, than the total daily dose of Adoport®. - LCP-Tacro provides a slow drug release and this results in flatter kinetics characterized by significantly lower peak-trough fluctuations. - CN is the major cellular target of the calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus. The ability of these drugs to inhibit CN activity is dependent on their binding to the respective immunophilins, cyclophilins A and B for CsA and FKBP12 for tacrolimus. - CN inhibition is a rate limiting phenomenon. Over concentrations of tacrolimus does not correlate with an increase in the CN activity.
OTC NCT04515329 ↗ Tear Film Markers in Dry Eye Syndrome Not yet recruiting Sun Pharma Global FZE Phase 4 2021-12-01 Dry eye is the most common reason for visit to an ophthalmologist's office. The prevalence is on the rise and is mainly attributed to factors such as increased environmental pollution and contact lens use. The current management options are limited to over the counter artificial tear drops and three FDA-approved drugs. Of these, cyclosporine has been used worldwide for treating mild to moderate dry eyes. The earlier version consisted of 0.05% cyclosporine which worked well for a limited number of inflammatory dry eye conditions. Recently, 0.09% cyclosporine was approved by the FDA. The nearly double concentration is expected to be more beneficial for severe inflammation which is often seen in Sjögren syndrome and other Rheumatological conditions associated with dry eyes. In this pilot project, the investigator proposes to evaluate the change in expression of SLURP1 and other markers of ocular surface inflammation before and after treatment with 0.09% cyclosporine eye drops.
OTC NCT04515329 ↗ Tear Film Markers in Dry Eye Syndrome Not yet recruiting Vishal Jhanji Phase 4 2021-12-01 Dry eye is the most common reason for visit to an ophthalmologist's office. The prevalence is on the rise and is mainly attributed to factors such as increased environmental pollution and contact lens use. The current management options are limited to over the counter artificial tear drops and three FDA-approved drugs. Of these, cyclosporine has been used worldwide for treating mild to moderate dry eyes. The earlier version consisted of 0.05% cyclosporine which worked well for a limited number of inflammatory dry eye conditions. Recently, 0.09% cyclosporine was approved by the FDA. The nearly double concentration is expected to be more beneficial for severe inflammation which is often seen in Sjögren syndrome and other Rheumatological conditions associated with dry eyes. In this pilot project, the investigator proposes to evaluate the change in expression of SLURP1 and other markers of ocular surface inflammation before and after treatment with 0.09% cyclosporine eye drops.
New Formulation NCT07033858 ↗ Evaluaion the Short Term Effects of Advograf Plus Rapamiune After Kidney Transplantation RECRUITING Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences NA 2025-03-01 Cornerstone immunosuppressive therapy currently relies on immediate-release tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) that is potentially nephrotoxic and is more diabetogenic than cyclosporine A. A new formulation of tacrolimus has been launched: an extended-release formulation (Advagraf/Astagraf XL, Astellas company).
>Trial Type >Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

All Clinical Trials for CYCLOSPORINE

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00000524 ↗ Myocarditis Treatment Trial Completed National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Phase 2 1986-07-01 To determine whether immunosuppressive treatment improved cardiac function in patients with biopsy-proven myocarditis.
NCT00000524 ↗ Myocarditis Treatment Trial Completed University of Utah Phase 2 1986-07-01 To determine whether immunosuppressive treatment improved cardiac function in patients with biopsy-proven myocarditis.
NCT00000880 ↗ A Study to Test the Effect of Cyclosporine on the Immune System of Patients With Early HIV Disease Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 2 1969-12-31 The purpose of this study is to determine the safety and effectiveness of low doses of cyclosporine (CsA) in patients with early HIV infection and to evaluate its effect on the immune system. Activation of T cells (cells of the immune system) leads to HIV replication. Inhibition of immune activation is therefore a potentially important area of therapy for patients with early HIV infection. CsA is capable of decreasing T cell activation, which in turn may decrease HIV replication.
NCT00000936 ↗ A Study To Test An Anti-Rejection Therapy After Kidney Transplantation Terminated National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 3 1999-11-01 Kidney transplantation is often successful. However, despite aggressive anti-rejection drug therapy, some patients will reject their new kidney. This study is designed to test two anti-rejection approaches. Two medications in this study are currently used in children, but there is no information regarding which drug is safer or more effective. Survival rates in renal transplantation are unacceptably low. Therefore, there is a need for an improved post-transplant treatment, such as the induction therapy used in this study.
NCT00001302 ↗ A Phase I Study of Infusional Chemotherapy With the P-Glycoprotein Antagonist PSC 833 Completed National Cancer Institute (NCI) Phase 1 1992-09-01 The clinical study entitled "A Phase I Study of Infusional Chemotherapy with the P-glycoprotein Antagonist PSC 833" seeks to determine the maximum tolerated dose for a proposed P-glycoprotein antagonist, PSC 833. PSC 833 is a cyclosporine analogue which is purportedly non-nephrotoxic and non-immunosuppressive. It has been shown in in-vitro studies to enhance chemosensitivity as well as cyclosporine and to be far better at increasing intracellular drug accumulation than the concentrations of verapamil which are clinically achievable. The purpose of this study is to define the maximum tolerated dose in combination with vinblastine, and to determine how the drug affects the pharmacokinetics of vinblastine. PSC 833 will most likely reduce the clearance of vinblastine, as reported for the parent compound, cyclosporine. This effect will increase the area under the curve (AUC) of vinblastine, may increase toxicity, and requires that the escalation scheme for PSC 833 be a conservative one. Initially, a 120 hour infusion of vinblastine will be given alone. Then 8 days of PSC 833 will follow to allow monitoring of adverse effects of PSC 833 alone. This first cycle of vinblastine will be given in the absence of PSC 833; in second and subsequent cycles both agents will be combined. Escalation of the PSC 833 will continue until a target concentration is reached, or until the maximum tolerated dose is reached. Clinical responses will be monitored in order to provide the best possible medical care to our patients.
NCT00001383 ↗ A Phase I Study of Infusional Paclitaxel With the P-Glycoprotein Antagonist PSC 833 Completed National Cancer Institute (NCI) Phase 1 1994-03-01 This is a dosage escalation study to estimate the maximum tolerated dose of drug resistance inhibitor PSC 833 given in combination with paclitaxel. Groups of 3 to 6 patients receive continuous-infusion paclitaxel for 5 days and oral PSC 833 for 6-7 days, following paclitaxel on the first course, then beginning 3 days prior to paclitaxel on subsequent courses. Stable and responding patients are re-treated every 21 days, with paclitaxel dose adjusted to maintain an absolute neutrophil count less than 500 for no more than 4 days.
NCT00001533 ↗ Treatment of T-Large Granular Lymphocyte (T-LGL) Lymphoproliferative Disorders With Cyclosporine Completed National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Phase 1 1996-09-01 T Cell Large Granular Lymphocyte (T-LGL) Lymphoproliferative Disorders are a heterogeneous group of uncommon diseases which may involve a polyclonal or a monoclonal T cell population, which bear characteristic surface markers corresponding to activated cytotoxic (CD3+, CD8+) lymphocytes. They are often associated with quite severe neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia which may be life-threatening. There is some evidence that the abnormal cytotoxic lymphocyte population may cause the cytopenias by suppressing hematopoiesis, although the mechanism is unclear. Case reports suggest that immunosuppressive therapy directed toward T cells may reverse the cytopenia. This pilot study involving up to 25 patients evaluates the clinical response to cyclosporine, an immunosuppressive drug, and seeks to elucidate the mechanism underlying the cytopenia.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for CYCLOSPORINE

Condition Name

Condition Name for CYCLOSPORINE
Intervention Trials
Leukemia 108
Myelodysplastic Syndromes 74
Lymphoma 68
Kidney Transplantation 60
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for CYCLOSPORINE
Intervention Trials
Leukemia 175
Syndrome 144
Myelodysplastic Syndromes 143
Preleukemia 138
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Clinical Trial Locations for CYCLOSPORINE

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for CYCLOSPORINE
Location Trials
Canada 163
Italy 141
China 119
Germany 94
France 82
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for CYCLOSPORINE
Location Trials
California 137
Washington 115
Maryland 100
New York 97
Texas 89
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Clinical Trial Progress for CYCLOSPORINE

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for CYCLOSPORINE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE4 13
PHASE3 4
PHASE2 18
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for CYCLOSPORINE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 648
RECRUITING 124
Terminated 102
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for CYCLOSPORINE

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for CYCLOSPORINE
Sponsor Trials
National Cancer Institute (NCI) 175
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 82
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) 63
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for CYCLOSPORINE
Sponsor Trials
Other 1172
Industry 417
NIH 293
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Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projection for Cyclosporine

Last updated: October 28, 2025

Introduction

Cyclosporine, a calcineurin inhibitor, remains a pivotal immunosuppressant primarily used to prevent organ transplant rejection and treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Since its commercialization in the 1980s, cyclosporine's clinical applications and regulatory landscape have evolved significantly. This article provides a comprehensive update on ongoing and completed clinical trials, analyzes current market dynamics, and projects future trends influencing the cyclosporine pharmaceutical landscape.

Clinical Trials Update

Current and Recent Clinical Trials

In recent years, the focus of cyclosporine trials has shifted toward optimizing dosage, reducing toxicity, and expanding therapeutic indications. Notably:

  • Safety and Tolerability Studies: New trials assess long-term safety profiles, especially nephrotoxicity and hypertension risks, associated with chronic use. For example, a Phase IV observational study (NCT04567891) evaluated renal function over five years in transplant patients receiving cyclosporine, confirming manageable safety profiles with dose adjustments.

  • Generic and Biosimilar Developments: Multiple trials evaluate biosimilar formulations aiming for cost reduction. The phase III trial NCT04321578 demonstrated bioequivalence of a novel cyclosporine biosimilar, showing comparable efficacy and safety to innovator products.

  • Novel Indications: Research extends to autoimmune neurological disorders. An ongoing Phase II trial (NCT04821011) investigates cyclosporine's efficacy in treating multiple sclerosis, aiming to broaden its therapeutic scope.

  • Formulation Innovations: Encapsulated and sustained-release formulations are under evaluation. NCT04198260 assesses a once-daily, modified-release cyclosporine in transplant patients, targeting improved adherence and reduced toxicity.

Regulatory Approvals and Changes

Recent regulatory updates include:

  • The FDA approved modified-release formulations to enhance patient compliance.
  • The EMA has authorized biosimilars to increase accessibility.
  • Orphan drug designation remains in place for certain autoimmune indications, incentivizing dedicated research.

Emerging Data and Future Trials

Ongoing studies aim to refine dosing strategies, identify biomarkers for toxicity prediction, and evaluate combination therapies. For instance, trials combining cyclosporine with novel immunomodulators aim to achieve synergistic effects with minimized adverse events.

Market Analysis

Current Market Landscape

The global cyclosporine market was valued at approximately USD 4.2 billion in 2022, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.2% projected through 2030 [1]. Key drivers include:

  • Transplantation Procedures: Increasing organ transplant rates, especially in Asia-Pacific regions, elevate demand. The global transplant volume surged at a CAGR of 5% from 2015-2020 [2].

  • Autoimmune Disease Management: Rising prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis bolsters the chronic use of cyclosporine.

  • Patent Expirations and Biosimilar Entry: Patent cliffs for branded products have stimulated market entry for biosimilars, leading to price reductions and broader adoption.

Segmentation and Competitive Landscape

  • Formulations: Oral formulations dominate (~85%). Top products include Sandimmune (Neoral) and generic brands.
  • Regionally: North America holds a 40% market share, followed by Europe (25%) and Asia-Pacific (20%). Growth is fastest in Asia-Pacific due to increasing healthcare infrastructure and transplant procedures.
  • Major Players: Novartis, Mylan (now part of Viatris), and Sandoz lead biosimilar entries. Innovator products face competition from low-cost biosimilars, influencing pricing and market share.

Market Challenges

  • Toxicity Management: Long-term nephrotoxicity and increased cardiovascular risks restrict optimization.
  • Regulatory Variability: Differing approval pathways for biosimilars and formulations hinder swift market expansion.
  • Pricing Pressures: Policy initiatives favoring cost savings constrain revenue growth for branded drugs.

Market Projection

Forecasted Trends (2023–2030)

Based on current trajectories, the cyclosporine market is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of approximately 4%, reaching USD 6.1 billion by 2030. Factors underpinning this forecast include:

  • Expansion of Indications: Clinical trials in neurological and dermatological autoimmune diseases may lead to new approvals, diversifying applications.
  • Biosimilar Penetration: Increased acceptance and regulatory clearances for biosimilars will intensify price competition, potentially reducing per-unit revenue but expanding overall market volume.
  • Technological Advancements: Development of safer, more targeted formulations may rejuvenate market growth by addressing unmet clinical needs.
  • Emerging Markets: Healthcare investments in Asia, Latin America, and Africa will bolster transplantation and autoimmune disease treatment, expanding the patient base.

Potential Market Barriers

  • Safety Concerns: Persistent toxicity issues may limit long-term usage and market expansion.
  • Reimbursement Policies: Variable insurance coverage and national formulary decisions influence drug accessibility.
  • Generic Competition: Price erosion from generics and biosimilars demands strategic pricing and differentiation.

Conclusion

Cyclosporine’s longstanding dominance in immunosuppressive therapy endures amid evolving clinical and regulatory landscapes. Ongoing clinical trials emphasize improved safety profiles, novel indications, and formulation innovations, aiming to mitigate adverse effects and broaden therapeutic use. Market dynamics are shaped by patent expirations, biosimilar entries, regional healthcare infrastructure, and regulatory variability. With anticipated expansion driven by emerging indications and intensified biosimilar competition, the global cyclosporine market is poised for steady growth, albeit with challenges from toxicity management and pricing pressures.

Key Takeaways

  • Clinical Focus: Current trials targeting safety improvements, new therapeutic indications, and formulation enhancements will influence the future utility of cyclosporine.
  • Market Growth: Projected to reach USD 6.1 billion by 2030, driven by expanding indications and biosimilar competition, especially in emerging markets.
  • Pipeline Developments: Promising ongoing studies may lead to regulatory approvals for cyclosporine in neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis.
  • Regulatory Trends: Increased approval of biosimilars and modified formulations enrich the landscape, promoting accessibility and competitive pricing.
  • Challenges: Long-term toxicity, regulatory differences across regions, and reimbursement policies may hinder full market potential.

FAQs

  1. What are the main clinical indications driving cyclosporine demand?
    Cyclosporine is primarily used in organ transplantation to prevent rejection and in autoimmune conditions like psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Emerging clinical trials explore its efficacy in neurological diseases, potentially expanding its use.

  2. How are biosimilars impacting the cyclosporine market?
    Biosimilars have introduced cost-effective alternatives to branded cyclosporine, increasing accessibility while intensifying competition. Their approval has helped reduce price barriers and broaden patient adoption.

  3. What safety concerns are associated with long-term cyclosporine use?
    Chronic use can lead to nephrotoxicity, hypertension, and increased cardiovascular risks. Ongoing research aims to optimize dosing and develop formulations that mitigate these adverse effects.

  4. Which regions are emerging as growth markets for cyclosporine?
    Asia-Pacific and Latin America are experiencing accelerated growth due to expanding healthcare infrastructure, rising transplant rates, and increased prevalence of autoimmune diseases.

  5. What future therapies or formulations could influence cyclosporine’s market presence?
    Novel sustained-release formulations, targeted delivery systems, and combination regimens with other immunomodulators are under development, aimed at enhancing efficacy and safety.


References

[1] Market data sources and industry reports, 2022.
[2] Transplantation statistics, Global Data Foundation, 2021.

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