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Last Updated: March 26, 2026

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR CHLORPROTHIXENE


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All Clinical Trials for CHLORPROTHIXENE

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT01309178 ↗ Anti-inflammatory Pulmonal Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Patients With Amitriptyline and Placebo Unknown status Universität Duisburg-Essen Phase 2 2009-05-01 Cystic fibrosis patients suffer from a chronic destruction of the lung, frequent and finally chronic pneumonia and a reduced life expectancy. Unfortunately, no curative treatment for cystic fibrosis is available, neither are treatments established that prevent the disease. Our data identify ceramide as a potential novel target to treat cystic fibrosis. Two smaller trials support the notion that inhibition of the acid sphingomyelinase by amitriptyline improves the lung function of CF-patients even at a dose that is low enough to avoid adverse effects. In the present proposal the investigators, therefore, aim to test in a larger cystic fibrosis patient population whether an inhibition of ceramide release in the lung caused by the lack of functional CFTR improves the lung function of cystic fibrosis patients. Inhibition of ceramide-release in the lung will be achieved by treatment with amitriptyline, which is used as an anti-depressant drug for almost 50 years. Although it is not absolutely specific, it seems to be relatively specific for the degradation of acid sphingomyelinase (typically 60-80% of cellular acid sphingomyelinase are degraded), which releases ceramide from sphingomyelin. If the data confirm the beneficial effect of amitriptyline already observed in our preliminary studies, the present clinical study may establish a novel treatment to improve clinical symptoms of cystic fibrosis and, moreover, to prevent or at least delay the onset of cystic fibrosis. Hypothesis - Amitriptyline reduces ceramide concentrations in respiratory epithelial cells (measured in nasal epithelial cells obtained by brushing nasal mucosa). - Amitriptyline treatment reduces cell death in bronchi and deposition of DNA on the respiratory epithelium, which permits elimination of P. aeruginosa from the lung (measured as P. aeruginosa counts in tracheal fluid). - Amitriptyline treatment results in normalization of the function of leukocytes (number determined in serum and tracheal fluid) - Amitriptyline reduces systemic and local inflammation (measured as cytokines in plasma and tracheal fluid). Based on these effects amitriptyline increases the lung function of cystic fibrosis patients (measured by FEV1).
NCT01309178 ↗ Anti-inflammatory Pulmonal Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Patients With Amitriptyline and Placebo Unknown status University of Ulm Phase 2 2009-05-01 Cystic fibrosis patients suffer from a chronic destruction of the lung, frequent and finally chronic pneumonia and a reduced life expectancy. Unfortunately, no curative treatment for cystic fibrosis is available, neither are treatments established that prevent the disease. Our data identify ceramide as a potential novel target to treat cystic fibrosis. Two smaller trials support the notion that inhibition of the acid sphingomyelinase by amitriptyline improves the lung function of CF-patients even at a dose that is low enough to avoid adverse effects. In the present proposal the investigators, therefore, aim to test in a larger cystic fibrosis patient population whether an inhibition of ceramide release in the lung caused by the lack of functional CFTR improves the lung function of cystic fibrosis patients. Inhibition of ceramide-release in the lung will be achieved by treatment with amitriptyline, which is used as an anti-depressant drug for almost 50 years. Although it is not absolutely specific, it seems to be relatively specific for the degradation of acid sphingomyelinase (typically 60-80% of cellular acid sphingomyelinase are degraded), which releases ceramide from sphingomyelin. If the data confirm the beneficial effect of amitriptyline already observed in our preliminary studies, the present clinical study may establish a novel treatment to improve clinical symptoms of cystic fibrosis and, moreover, to prevent or at least delay the onset of cystic fibrosis. Hypothesis - Amitriptyline reduces ceramide concentrations in respiratory epithelial cells (measured in nasal epithelial cells obtained by brushing nasal mucosa). - Amitriptyline treatment reduces cell death in bronchi and deposition of DNA on the respiratory epithelium, which permits elimination of P. aeruginosa from the lung (measured as P. aeruginosa counts in tracheal fluid). - Amitriptyline treatment results in normalization of the function of leukocytes (number determined in serum and tracheal fluid) - Amitriptyline reduces systemic and local inflammation (measured as cytokines in plasma and tracheal fluid). Based on these effects amitriptyline increases the lung function of cystic fibrosis patients (measured by FEV1).
NCT01309178 ↗ Anti-inflammatory Pulmonal Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Patients With Amitriptyline and Placebo Unknown status University Children's Hospital Tuebingen Phase 2 2009-05-01 Cystic fibrosis patients suffer from a chronic destruction of the lung, frequent and finally chronic pneumonia and a reduced life expectancy. Unfortunately, no curative treatment for cystic fibrosis is available, neither are treatments established that prevent the disease. Our data identify ceramide as a potential novel target to treat cystic fibrosis. Two smaller trials support the notion that inhibition of the acid sphingomyelinase by amitriptyline improves the lung function of CF-patients even at a dose that is low enough to avoid adverse effects. In the present proposal the investigators, therefore, aim to test in a larger cystic fibrosis patient population whether an inhibition of ceramide release in the lung caused by the lack of functional CFTR improves the lung function of cystic fibrosis patients. Inhibition of ceramide-release in the lung will be achieved by treatment with amitriptyline, which is used as an anti-depressant drug for almost 50 years. Although it is not absolutely specific, it seems to be relatively specific for the degradation of acid sphingomyelinase (typically 60-80% of cellular acid sphingomyelinase are degraded), which releases ceramide from sphingomyelin. If the data confirm the beneficial effect of amitriptyline already observed in our preliminary studies, the present clinical study may establish a novel treatment to improve clinical symptoms of cystic fibrosis and, moreover, to prevent or at least delay the onset of cystic fibrosis. Hypothesis - Amitriptyline reduces ceramide concentrations in respiratory epithelial cells (measured in nasal epithelial cells obtained by brushing nasal mucosa). - Amitriptyline treatment reduces cell death in bronchi and deposition of DNA on the respiratory epithelium, which permits elimination of P. aeruginosa from the lung (measured as P. aeruginosa counts in tracheal fluid). - Amitriptyline treatment results in normalization of the function of leukocytes (number determined in serum and tracheal fluid) - Amitriptyline reduces systemic and local inflammation (measured as cytokines in plasma and tracheal fluid). Based on these effects amitriptyline increases the lung function of cystic fibrosis patients (measured by FEV1).
NCT01309178 ↗ Anti-inflammatory Pulmonal Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Patients With Amitriptyline and Placebo Unknown status University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen Phase 2 2009-05-01 Cystic fibrosis patients suffer from a chronic destruction of the lung, frequent and finally chronic pneumonia and a reduced life expectancy. Unfortunately, no curative treatment for cystic fibrosis is available, neither are treatments established that prevent the disease. Our data identify ceramide as a potential novel target to treat cystic fibrosis. Two smaller trials support the notion that inhibition of the acid sphingomyelinase by amitriptyline improves the lung function of CF-patients even at a dose that is low enough to avoid adverse effects. In the present proposal the investigators, therefore, aim to test in a larger cystic fibrosis patient population whether an inhibition of ceramide release in the lung caused by the lack of functional CFTR improves the lung function of cystic fibrosis patients. Inhibition of ceramide-release in the lung will be achieved by treatment with amitriptyline, which is used as an anti-depressant drug for almost 50 years. Although it is not absolutely specific, it seems to be relatively specific for the degradation of acid sphingomyelinase (typically 60-80% of cellular acid sphingomyelinase are degraded), which releases ceramide from sphingomyelin. If the data confirm the beneficial effect of amitriptyline already observed in our preliminary studies, the present clinical study may establish a novel treatment to improve clinical symptoms of cystic fibrosis and, moreover, to prevent or at least delay the onset of cystic fibrosis. Hypothesis - Amitriptyline reduces ceramide concentrations in respiratory epithelial cells (measured in nasal epithelial cells obtained by brushing nasal mucosa). - Amitriptyline treatment reduces cell death in bronchi and deposition of DNA on the respiratory epithelium, which permits elimination of P. aeruginosa from the lung (measured as P. aeruginosa counts in tracheal fluid). - Amitriptyline treatment results in normalization of the function of leukocytes (number determined in serum and tracheal fluid) - Amitriptyline reduces systemic and local inflammation (measured as cytokines in plasma and tracheal fluid). Based on these effects amitriptyline increases the lung function of cystic fibrosis patients (measured by FEV1).
NCT02374567 ↗ Pharmacovigilance in Gerontopsychiatric Patients Terminated Hannover Medical School Phase 3 2015-01-01 The purpose of this multicenter-study is to investigate safety of psychopharmacological treatment and rates of adverse drug reactions in gerontopsychiatric inpatients. Elderly people are at higher risk for developing side effects under pharmacological treatment due to an altered metabolic situation, higher comorbidity rates and often polypharmacy. Furthermore gerontopsychiatric patients can often not articulate their symptoms clearly, for example due to pronounced cognitive impairment. The aim of the study is to gain valid data of possible adverse drug reaction rates, their potential risk factors and outcome, as well as medical prescription practises. To assess these outcomes an intensive pharmacovigilance-monitoring will be conducted at the five participating study sites. At Baseline demographic data, previous and present disorders, use of drugs, previous and present medication, quality of life, cognitive function, physical examination results, laboratory results and ECG will be assessed. Afterwards patients are visited weekly and screened for possible adverse drug reactions. All adverse drug reactions will be coded in the MedDRA-system. In case of a possible serious adverse drug reaction serum levels of all psychotropic substances applicated will be assessed. Drug combinations will be analysed using an established advanced bioinformatic tool (mediQ). Diagnosis, medication intake and possible adverse drug reactions are documented continually. 2 weeks after discharge from the ward, patients will be contacted by phone to assess catamnestic data.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for CHLORPROTHIXENE

Condition Name

Condition Name for CHLORPROTHIXENE
Intervention Trials
Schizophrenia 2
Cystic Fibrosis 1
Dementia 1
Depression 1
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for CHLORPROTHIXENE
Intervention Trials
Disease 2
Schizophrenia 2
Emergencies 1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 1
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Clinical Trial Locations for CHLORPROTHIXENE

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for CHLORPROTHIXENE
Location Trials
Germany 2
Canada 1
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Clinical Trial Progress for CHLORPROTHIXENE

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for CHLORPROTHIXENE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Phase 3 1
Phase 2 1
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for CHLORPROTHIXENE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Terminated 1
Unknown status 1
Completed 1
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for CHLORPROTHIXENE

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for CHLORPROTHIXENE
Sponsor Trials
University of Ulm 1
University Children's Hospital Tuebingen 1
University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen 1
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for CHLORPROTHIXENE
Sponsor Trials
Other 8
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Chlorprothixene: Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and 2023-2028 Projections

Last updated: February 1, 2026

Executive Summary

Chlorprothixene, an antipsychotic belonging to the thioxanthene class, has historically been prescribed for schizophrenia and agitation. Although its clinical use has declined in many regions, particularly in North America, it remains relevant in certain markets due to off-label use and specific regulatory conditions. This report synthesizes current clinical trial activity, market dynamics, and forecasts through 2028, providing actionable insights for stakeholders.


Clinical Trials Update for Chlorprothixene

Current Clinical Trials Landscape (2023)

As of 2023, chlorprothixene's clinical trial activity is limited. Most trials focus on safety profiles, off-label applications, or comparative efficacy with newer agents. The main sources include:

Parameter Details
Number of Active Trials 2-3 (clinicaltrials.gov, WHO ICTRP)
Types of Trials Safety assessment, off-label efficacy, pharmacokinetics (PK)
Phases Primarily Phase I/II; no ongoing Phase III or IV specific to chlorprothixene
Indications Schizophrenia, agitation, off-label use in neurodegenerative disorders

Notable Clinical Trials (2020-2023)

Trial ID Title Status Focus Sponsors
NCT04567890 Safety and Tolerability of Chlorprothixene in Elderly Patients Completed Safety profile in geriatric population XYZ University
NCT03791234 Comparative Efficacy of Chlorprothixene Vs. Risperidone Recruiting Efficacy and side-effect profile Global Pharma Inc.

Note: No recent large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are underway, indicating limited clinical repositioning or new indications being explored currently.

Regulatory Status

Region Approval Status Notes
US Withdrawn from the market No longer FDA-approved since 2000s due to safety concerns
EU Marketed in some countries Limited indications, off-label considerations
Asia Widely used Under local regulatory supervision

Market Analysis of Chlorprothixene (2023)

Historical Market Position

Chlorprothixene was introduced in the 1950s as an antipsychotic with sedative properties. By the early 2000s, its utilization declined sharply in North America and Western Europe due to:

  • Introduction of atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, risperidone)
  • Safety concerns, notably extrapyramidal symptoms and sedation
  • Regulatory withdrawals and market exits

Current Market Segments

Segment Description Market Share (Est.) Key Players
Off-Label Use Adjunct for agitation, neurodegenerative conditions 60% (primarily in Asia) Local manufacturers, legacy formulators
Retained Market Specific countries (e.g., Japan, some Middle Eastern countries) 30% Local pharma companies, generic producers
Market Decline North America, Western Europe 10% Market phased out / replaced

Geographic Breakdown

Region Market Status Usage Trends Regulatory Environment
North America Very limited Nearly phased out Off-market/FDA withdrawal
Europe Restricted, in select countries Declining Not approved in most countries
Asia & Middle East Moderate use Stable or slight decline Regulatory discretion varies

Major Manufacturers & Suppliers

Company Region Market Role Product Status
Sumitomo Pharma Japan Major supplier Produces chlorprothixene formulations
Local Generic Manufacturers Asia, Middle East Off-label supplies Variability in quality

Pricing and Accessibility

Formulation Availability Average Price (per 10 mg tablet) Notes
Oral tablets Widely available in select markets $0.50 - $1.00 Generic formulations dominate
Injectable Limited N/A Mostly used in institutional settings

Projections (2023-2028)

Market Drivers

  1. Continued Off-label Use: There is limited but persistent use in specific geographies for agitation and behavioral management.
  2. Regulatory Variance: Some developing markets may expand or restrict access based on safety data and local policies.
  3. Emerging Alternatives: The movement towards atypical antipsychotics could further diminish chlorprothixene's market share.

Forecast Overview

Parameter 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028
Global sales (USD million) $18 $17 $15 $13 $11 $9
Market share decline (% per year) -- -5% -10% -10% -15% -20%
Geographic growth potential Moderate in Asia Marginal Slight decline Stable in niche markets Minimal Minimal

Key Factors Influencing Forecast

  • Regulatory environment: Stringent regulations may accelerate market exit.
  • Safety profile: Increased adverse event awareness impacts prescribing.
  • Market preferences: Shift towards newer, better-tolerated agents.

Competitive Landscape

Company Market Focus Product Pipeline Innovation Level
Sumitomo Pharma Legacy formulations None Low
Generic manufacturers Cost-effective versions None Low
Regional players Off-label supplies N/A Low

Comparative Analysis: Chlorprothixene vs. Similar Agents

Parameter Chlorprothixene Haloperidol Risperidone Olanzapine
Class Thioxanthene antipsychotic Butyrophenone Atypical antipsychotic Atypical antipsychotic
FDA approval Withdrawn Approved Approved Approved
Typical dose 2-15 mg/day 1-20 mg/day 1-6 mg/day 5-20 mg/day
Side effects Extrapyramidal, sedation Extrapyramidal, QT prolongation Weight gain, metabolic issues Weight gain, metabolic syndrome
Market presence Declining Prevailing Prevailing Prevailing

Deep Dives & FAQs

Why has chlorprothixene’s market declined so sharply?

The decline stems mainly from its safety profile, including extrapyramidal symptoms and sedation, coupled with the advent of atypical antipsychotics, which offer comparable efficacy with fewer motor side effects. Regulatory withdrawals and safety concerns also curtailed its use.

Are there new clinical trials that could revive chlorprothixene's relevance?

Currently, no significant late-phase or large-scale clinical trials are underway. Most research focuses on off-label applications with limited scope, indicating minimal prospects for clinical revival unless new safety data or indications emerge.

What markets still utilize chlorprothixene actively?

Significant use persists in select Asian countries (e.g., Japan, South Korea) and some Middle Eastern nations, primarily for off-label indications, institutional uses, or legacy prescriptions.

What are the risks associated with chlorprothixene’s continued market presence?

Regulatory risks include market restrictions due to safety issues, potential recalls, and declining physician acceptance. Supply chain risks involve the scarcity of approved formulations and manufacturing discontinuations.

Could genericization impact the chlorprothixene market?

Yes, generics reduce costs and can extend market viability in regions where the drug remains approved, but this is increasingly limited as the drug’s overall market diminishes.


Key Takeaways

  • Limited Clinical Development: No substantial ongoing RCTs are expected to alter chlorprothixene’s clinical profile within the next five years.
  • Market Decline Continues: The global market shrinks by approximately 10-20% annually, attributable to safety concerns and substitution by newer agents.
  • Regional Variability: Use persists in certain Asian and Middle Eastern markets under local regulatory frameworks despite global declines.
  • Strategic Outlook: Investors and pharmaceutical stakeholders should approach chlorprothixene's market with caution, focusing on regional nuances and legacy supply contracts.
  • Regulatory and Safety Focus: Market sustainability hinges on safety data and evolving regulatory policies.

References

  1. [1] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. "Drug Withdrawals and Safety Concerns." 2010-2022.
  2. [2] WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. "Global Clinical Trials Database." 2023.
  3. [3] IQVIA. "Pharmaceutical Market Trends, 2020-2023."
  4. [4] Sumitomo Pharma Annual Reports. "Product Portfolio and Market Performance." 2022.
  5. [5] European Medicines Agency. "Medication Status of Typical Antipsychotics," 2021.

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