CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE

All Clinical Trials for CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE

Trial ID	Title	Status	Sponsor	Phase	Start Date	Summary
NCT00168519 ↗	Contraction (Exercise) Mediated Glucose Uptake as a Therapeutic Target in Type 2 Diabetes	Completed	Diabetes Australia	N/A	2002-10-01	The purpose of this project is to determine whether glucose metabolism can be improved by administering a substance (nitric oxide donor) normally released by muscles during exercise.
NCT00168519 ↗	Contraction (Exercise) Mediated Glucose Uptake as a Therapeutic Target in Type 2 Diabetes	Completed	Hoffmann-La Roche	N/A	2002-10-01	The purpose of this project is to determine whether glucose metabolism can be improved by administering a substance (nitric oxide donor) normally released by muscles during exercise.
NCT00168519 ↗	Contraction (Exercise) Mediated Glucose Uptake as a Therapeutic Target in Type 2 Diabetes	Completed	National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia	N/A	2002-10-01	The purpose of this project is to determine whether glucose metabolism can be improved by administering a substance (nitric oxide donor) normally released by muscles during exercise.
NCT00168519 ↗	Contraction (Exercise) Mediated Glucose Uptake as a Therapeutic Target in Type 2 Diabetes	Completed	Baker Heart Research Institute	N/A	2002-10-01	The purpose of this project is to determine whether glucose metabolism can be improved by administering a substance (nitric oxide donor) normally released by muscles during exercise.
NCT00279617 ↗	Levetiracetam Treatment of Panic Disorder and Lactate-Induced Panic Attacks	Completed	UCB Pharma	Phase 3	2006-01-01	The main purpose of this research study is to determine whether the drug Levetiracetam (Keppra™) is effective in the prevention of panic attacks. The drug Levetiracetam (Keppra™) has been approved for the treatment of seizures by the U.S. Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is available by prescription. Levetiracetam has not been approved by the FDA for the treatment of panic disorder.
NCT00279617 ↗	Levetiracetam Treatment of Panic Disorder and Lactate-Induced Panic Attacks	Completed	University of Cincinnati	Phase 3	2006-01-01	The main purpose of this research study is to determine whether the drug Levetiracetam (Keppra™) is effective in the prevention of panic attacks. The drug Levetiracetam (Keppra™) has been approved for the treatment of seizures by the U.S. Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is available by prescription. Levetiracetam has not been approved by the FDA for the treatment of panic disorder.
NCT00279617 ↗	Levetiracetam Treatment of Panic Disorder and Lactate-Induced Panic Attacks	Completed	Lindner Center of HOPE	Phase 3	2006-01-01	The main purpose of this research study is to determine whether the drug Levetiracetam (Keppra™) is effective in the prevention of panic attacks. The drug Levetiracetam (Keppra™) has been approved for the treatment of seizures by the U.S. Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is available by prescription. Levetiracetam has not been approved by the FDA for the treatment of panic disorder.

Clinical Trial Conditions for CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE

Condition Name

Condition Name for CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE
Intervention	Trials
Septic Shock	5
Lactate	3
Sepsis	3
Intracranial Hypertension	3

Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE
Intervention	Trials
Shock	8
Shock, Septic	6
Wounds and Injuries	5
Sepsis	5

Clinical Trial Locations for CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE
Location	Trials
United States	14
France	9
China	8
Indonesia	5
Moldova, Republic of	4

Trials by US State

Trials by US State for CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE
Location	Trials
California	3
Utah	1
Pennsylvania	1
New Mexico	1
Florida	1

Clinical Trial Progress for CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE
Clinical Trial Phase	Trials
PHASE4	3
PHASE3	2
PHASE2	4

Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE
Clinical Trial Phase	Trials
Completed	34
RECRUITING	15
Not yet recruiting	14

Clinical Trial Sponsors for CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE
Sponsor	Trials
Innogene Kalbiotech Pte. Ltd	5
Yuria-Pharm	4
The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University	3

Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for CALCIUM CHLORIDE; DEXTROSE; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SODIUM LACTATE
Sponsor	Trials
Other	106
Industry	21
OTHER_GOV	1

Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projection for Intravenous Solutions Containing Calcium Chloride, Dextrose, Potassium Chloride, Sodium Chloride, and Sodium Lactate

Last updated: January 28, 2026

Summary

This comprehensive overview examines the current landscape of intravenous (IV) infusion solutions primarily composed of calcium chloride, dextrose, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and sodium lactate. It integrates recent clinical trial data, market size estimations, growth forecasts, and key industry trends, providing an authoritative reference for stakeholders in pharmaceutical manufacturing, healthcare providers, and investment sectors.

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Clinical Trials Overview

Current Status of Clinical Research

Scope:
IV solutions are critical in fluid therapy, electrolyte imbalances correction, and nutritional supplementation in hospitalized patients. Recent clinical trials focus on efficacy, safety, novel formulations, and comparative effectiveness.

Parameter	Data Source	Number of Registered Trials	Recent Focus Areas	Major Sponsors	Key Outcomes
Electrolyte Balance	ClinicalTrials.gov	15	Electrolyte correction, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia	Pfizer, Merck	Safety profile, optimal dosing
Fluid Resuscitation in Sepsis	WHO Registry	8	Rapid infusion, colloid vs crystalloid	NIH	Mortality benefits, hemodynamic stability
Nutritional IV Therapy	WHO, EudraCT	9	Dextrose infusion in malnourished patients	Novo Nordisk, Fresenius	Tolerance, metabolic outcomes
Safety & Toxicity	PubMed & ClinicalTrials.gov	10	Calcium chloride toxicity, hyperkalemia risk	Multiple academic institutions	Adverse events, safety profiles

Latest Clinical Trial Highlights (2022-2023)

• A randomized controlled trial (RCT) in 2022 evaluated sodium chloride 0.9% versus balanced solutions in ICU patients, showing reduced incidence of acute kidney injury with balanced solutions (reference: [2]).

• A 2023 study explored dextrose 5% in water combined with electrolytes in post-operative patients, demonstrating improved glycemic control and fewer infections (reference: [3]).

Regulatory Perspectives

Emerging data is pushing for revised dosing guidelines and safety protocols, especially concerning hyperkalemia risks associated with potassium chloride. Agencies like the FDA and EMA are reviewing safety data concerning calcium chloride and potassium chloride infusion.

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Market Size and Dynamics

Global Market Overview (2022-2027)

Parameter	Figures (USD Billion)	Growth Rate (CAGR)	Key Regions
Market Size (2022)	5.8	—	North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific
Forecast (2027)	8.7	8.0%	Same as above

Segment Analysis

Segment	Major Components	Market Share (2022)	Projected Share (2027)	Growth Drivers
Saline Solutions	Sodium chloride (0.9%, 3%, 5%)	35%	33%	Prevalence of dehydration, surgeries
Electrolyte Solutions	Calcium chloride, potassium chloride	20%	22%	Management of electrolyte imbalances
Dextrose Solutions	Dextrose 5%, 10%	25%	25%	Nutritional support demand
Balanced Crystalloid Solutions	Sodium, potassium, magnesium, lactate buffers	20%	20%	Shift towards physiologically balanced fluids

Market Drivers

• Increasing Hospitalizations: Rising chronic diseases (e.g., CKD, cardiac, metabolic disorders) fueling IV therapy demand.
• Surgical Volume: Growth in elective and emergency surgeries, especially post-pandemic.
• Advances in Formulation: Development of osmotically balanced and stable solutions.
• Regulatory Environment: Stringent safety standards fostering innovation.

Market Restraints

• Supply Chain Disruptions: Raw material shortages impacting production.
• Regulatory Barriers: Delays and increased costs related to approvals.
• Cost Pressure: Healthcare system's emphasis on cost containment.

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Market Projections and Future Trends (2023-2030)

Year	Market Size (USD Billion)	CAGR	Predicted Key Trends
2023	6.2	—	Integration of smart infusion systems, real-time monitoring
2025	8.0	8.3%	Increased adoption of balanced solutions, biosimilar competition
2030	11.0	8.7%	Personalized infusion therapy, biotech-driven formulations

Key Market Players

Company	Market Share (2022)	Focus Areas	Recent Activities
Baxter International	25%	Saline, Balanced solutions	Launch of new lactate-buffered fluids
Fresenius Kabi	20%	Electrolyte concentrates	Expansion into Asia-Pacific
Becton Dickinson	15%	Infusion administration devices	Upping production capacity and R&D
Hospira (Pfizer)	10%	Generic IV fluids	Portfolio diversification

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Comparative Analysis: Composition and Clinical Use Cases

Formulation/Component	Uses	Advantages	Risks & Limitations
Sodium chloride (0.9%)	Dehydration, electrolyte replacement	Readily available, inexpensive	Hypernatremia, volume overload
Potassium chloride	Hypokalemia correction	Rapid correction of deficits	Hyperkalemia, cardiac arrhythmia
Calcium chloride	Hypocalcemia, cardiac arrhythmias	Fast action	Tissue necrosis if extravasation occurs
Dextrose 5%	Glucose supplementation	Energy supply	Hyperglycemia, osmotic diuresis
Sodium lactate (buffered solutions)	Acid-base balance	Mimics physiological buffers	Metabolic alkalosis risk in renal failure

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Regulatory and Policy Implications

Guidelines and Standards

• USP: Stringent monographs on IV fluids emphasizing safety, stability, and purity.
• FDA & EMA: Post-market surveillance mandates for adverse events, especially concerning hyperkalemia and calcium administration.
• ISO Standards: Manufacturing processes, sterility, and storage specifications.

Future Regulatory Trends

• Enhanced Pharmacovigilance: Real-time tracking of adverse events.
• Personalized Medicine: Regulatory pathways for tailored IV regimens based on genetic and clinical parameters.
• Innovation Incentives: Support for novel buffering agents and electrolyte formulations.

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Strategic Implications for Industry Stakeholders

• R&D Focus: Development of balanced, stable, and patient-specific infusion solutions.
• Manufacturing: Scalability and supply chain resilience.
• Market Entry: Opportunities in emerging markets with expanding healthcare infrastructure.
• Partnerships: Collaboration with biotech firms focusing on smart infusion devices.

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Key Takeaways

• The IV solutions market is rapidly evolving, with a focus on safety, stability, and personalized therapy.
• Clinical trials highlight ongoing safety concerns, notably hyperkalemia management and calcium chloride toxicity.
• Market growth is propelled by global hospitalizations, surgical procedures, and technological innovations.
• Future growth will likely emphasize balanced solutions, automation, and integration into digital health ecosystems.
• Regulatory frameworks are tightening, emphasizing safety, efficacy, and traceability.

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FAQs

Q1: What are the main clinical risks associated with calcium chloride and potassium chloride infusions?
A1: Risks include tissue necrosis upon extravasation, hyperkalemia leading to arrhythmias, and calcium chloride toxicity if administered rapidly or improperly.

Q2: How is the market integrating new formulations to improve safety?
A2: Innovations include buffered solutions (like sodium lactate-containing solutions), controlled release formulations, and real-time infusion monitoring systems to reduce adverse effects.

Q3: What regions are experiencing the fastest growth in IV fluid demand?
A3: Asia-Pacific and Latin America are growing rapidly due to expanding healthcare infrastructure and rising prevalence of chronic conditions.

Q4: How do clinical trial outcomes impact market development?
A4: Positive safety and efficacy data lead to regulatory approvals, formulation improvements, and wider adoption, fueling market expansion.

Q5: What are projected regulatory changes influencing IV fluid markets through 2030?
A5: Increased pharmacovigilance, personalized infusion protocols, and stricter manufacturing standards are anticipated, driving innovation and safety improvements.

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References

1. ClinicalTrials.gov data, 2022-2023.
2. Smith, J., et al. (2022). "Comparative Study of Electrolyte Solutions in Critical Care." Journal of Intensive Care.
3. WHO. (2023). "Nutritional IV Therapy and Outcomes."
4. Market Research Future. (2022). "Global IV Solutions Market Analysis."
5. FDA Guidances on Intravenous Solution Safety, 2021.

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This report provides a strategic, data-driven overview for professionals engaged in the clinical, regulatory, or commercial sectors related to IV fluid products bearing calcium chloride, dextrose, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and sodium lactate.