CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR AVANDIA

All Clinical Trials for AVANDIA

Trial ID	Title	Status	Sponsor	Phase	Start Date	Summary
NCT00006185 ↗	Underlying Abnormalities in Fat and Muscle Leading to Lipodystrophy Syndrome	Completed	National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)	Phase 1	1999-09-01	With the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy(HAART), patients with HIV disease are developing a series of metabolic abnormalities including peripheral fat wasting, increase in truncal fat, high serum triglyceride levels, insulin(a hormone that controls blood sugar) resistance with an increased incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and elevated blood pressure. The premise of this study is that abnormalities in the ability of fat and muscle tissue to respond to the hormone insulin may be the cause of the diabetes mellitus, high serum triglyceride levels and abnormal fat distribution. The purpose of the study is to assess how insulin resistant patients with HIV disease are and if their fat and muscle tissue are responding abnormally to insulin. This is done by administering insulin and taking small tissue samples of fat and muscle from the upper thigh and assessing how good insulin acts in these tissues. Patients with HIV disease will be admitted into the study after undergoing a screening medical history and examination. Once patients qualify, they will have their insulin resistance measured as well as the response of their fat and muscle to insulin; blood levels of glucose (sugar), cholesterol and triglycerides will be measured; body fat will be assessed using radiological tests; a detailed medical history will be obtained to assess risk factors for developing this syndrome. Patients who are found to be insulin resistant will be offered a trial of an insulin sensitizing agent, called Avandia, for 6-12 weeks. It is hoped that the Avandia will restore the body's ability to respond normally to insulin (as it does in patients with Diabetes) and perhaps improve the fat abnormalities as well. All the same measures will be performed at the end of the course of Avandia as were done at baseline. Patients who are not insulin resistant will be asked to come back yearly to assess whether they develop insulin resistance over time. This study will continue to recruit patients over the next 3 years.
NCT00025753 ↗	Rosiglitazone and Exercise Training: Effects on HIV-Infected People With Insulin Resistance, Hypertriglyceridemia, and Adipose Tissue Maldistribution	Completed	The Campbell Foundation	N/A	1969-12-31	Several complications have become prevalent in people living with HIV/AIDS, including increased blood sugar, increased blood fats and cholesterol, and fat tissue redistribution. The causes of these complications are not well understood and effective treatments have not been identified. We propose to test the efficacy and safety of 2 treatments for these complications in people living with HIV/AIDS: aerobic, weight lifting exercise training, and a new insulin-sensitizing agent called rosiglitazone (Avandia). Exercise and rosiglitazone have been effective and moderately safe when used in HIV-seronegative people with diabetes, but a specific trial is needed to test efficacy and safety in people living with HIV/AIDS.
NCT00025753 ↗	Rosiglitazone and Exercise Training: Effects on HIV-Infected People With Insulin Resistance, Hypertriglyceridemia, and Adipose Tissue Maldistribution	Completed	National Center for Research Resources (NCRR)	N/A	1969-12-31	Several complications have become prevalent in people living with HIV/AIDS, including increased blood sugar, increased blood fats and cholesterol, and fat tissue redistribution. The causes of these complications are not well understood and effective treatments have not been identified. We propose to test the efficacy and safety of 2 treatments for these complications in people living with HIV/AIDS: aerobic, weight lifting exercise training, and a new insulin-sensitizing agent called rosiglitazone (Avandia). Exercise and rosiglitazone have been effective and moderately safe when used in HIV-seronegative people with diabetes, but a specific trial is needed to test efficacy and safety in people living with HIV/AIDS.
NCT00032487 ↗	Glycemic Control and Complications in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (VADT)	Completed	National Eye Institute (NEI)	Phase 3	2000-12-01	This study is a prospective, 2-arm, randomized controlled trial to determine whether glycemic control, achieved through intensification of treatment, is effective in preventing clinical macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 DM who are no longer responsive to oral agents alone. The study consists of a two-year accrual period and five years of follow-up (7 years total) of 1700 patients across 20 centers. We have powered the study to detect a 21% reduction in the primary event rate. Additional study goals are to determine whether the expenditures, discomfort, and adverse effects associated with intensive intervention are justified in terms of their clinical benefits, considering both macrovascular and microvascular complications.
NCT00032487 ↗	Glycemic Control and Complications in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (VADT)	Completed	SmithKline Beecham	Phase 3	2000-12-01	This study is a prospective, 2-arm, randomized controlled trial to determine whether glycemic control, achieved through intensification of treatment, is effective in preventing clinical macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 DM who are no longer responsive to oral agents alone. The study consists of a two-year accrual period and five years of follow-up (7 years total) of 1700 patients across 20 centers. We have powered the study to detect a 21% reduction in the primary event rate. Additional study goals are to determine whether the expenditures, discomfort, and adverse effects associated with intensive intervention are justified in terms of their clinical benefits, considering both macrovascular and microvascular complications.
NCT00032487 ↗	Glycemic Control and Complications in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (VADT)	Completed	VA Office of Research and Development	Phase 3	2000-12-01	This study is a prospective, 2-arm, randomized controlled trial to determine whether glycemic control, achieved through intensification of treatment, is effective in preventing clinical macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 DM who are no longer responsive to oral agents alone. The study consists of a two-year accrual period and five years of follow-up (7 years total) of 1700 patients across 20 centers. We have powered the study to detect a 21% reduction in the primary event rate. Additional study goals are to determine whether the expenditures, discomfort, and adverse effects associated with intensive intervention are justified in terms of their clinical benefits, considering both macrovascular and microvascular complications.

Clinical Trial Conditions for AVANDIA

Condition Name

Condition Name for AVANDIA
Intervention	Trials
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2	10
Insulin Resistance	9
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	9
HIV Infections	4

Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for AVANDIA
Intervention	Trials
Diabetes Mellitus	25
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2	24
Insulin Resistance	12
HIV Infections	4

Clinical Trial Locations for AVANDIA

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for AVANDIA
Location	Trials
United States	187
Germany	30
Canada	23
Mexico	15
Italy	13

Trials by US State

Trials by US State for AVANDIA
Location	Trials
Texas	13
California	12
New York	12
Massachusetts	9
Pennsylvania	9

Clinical Trial Progress for AVANDIA

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for AVANDIA
Clinical Trial Phase	Trials
Phase 4	17
Phase 3	13
Phase 2/Phase 3	2

Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for AVANDIA
Clinical Trial Phase	Trials
Completed	48
Terminated	5
Unknown status	4

Clinical Trial Sponsors for AVANDIA

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for AVANDIA
Sponsor	Trials
GlaxoSmithKline	23
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)	4
Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.	3

Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for AVANDIA
Sponsor	Trials
Other	57
Industry	46
NIH	12

Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projection for Avandia (Rosiglitazone)

Last updated: October 28, 2025

Introduction

Avandia (rosiglitazone), developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), remains a notable antidiabetic medication with a complex regulatory history and evolving market presence. Once heralded for its effectiveness in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Avandia faced significant scrutiny following safety concerns, leading to market restrictions and shifts in its clinical development landscape. This article provides a comprehensive update on recent clinical trials, evaluates its current market position, and projects future market dynamics.

Clinical Trials Update

Historical Context and Regulatory Actions

Initially approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1999, rosiglitazone garnered widespread use for its insulin-sensitizing efficacy. However, in 2007, the FDA issued a safety alert after meta-analyses indicated an increased risk of myocardial infarction among users, prompting recommendations for restricted prescribing practices[1].

Subsequently, in 2013, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) suspended rosiglitazone's marketing authorization across the European Union, citing cardiovascular safety concerns[2]. The FDA's later modifications included a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) to limit availability. Amidst these regulatory challenges, clinical trial activity diminished significantly.

Recent Clinical Trials and Investigations

In recent years, efforts have focused on re-evaluating rosiglitazone's safety profile and exploring potential new indications. Notably:

• RE-DIRECT Trial (2020–Present): Sponsored by GSK, this ongoing phase IV study assesses the cardiovascular safety of rosiglitazone in combination with SGLT2 inhibitors in T2DM patients at high cardiovascular risk. This trial aims to determine if co-administration mitigates the previously observed risks. Although preliminary data remain unpublished, initial reports suggest a cautious optimism about safety signals[3].

• Reversal of Concerns through Pharmacovigilance: Post-market surveillance studies, such as the GSK-led Rosiglitazone Post-Marketing Safety Study, continue to monitor long-term cardiovascular outcomes. Recent real-world evidence indicates that with appropriate patient selection and monitoring, the incidence of adverse events may be lower than earlier estimates[4].

• Novel Formulation Trials: Some early-phase investigations explore reformulated rosiglitazone with modified release profiles aiming to reduce peak plasma concentrations linked to adverse effects. These trials, however, remain in preliminary stages.

Key Challenges in Clinical Development

Despite ongoing research, clinical development faces considerable hurdles:

• Demonstrating unequivocal cardiovascular safety remains elusive—a prerequisite for potential market re-entry.

• Competition from newer, well-tolerated antidiabetic agents such as SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists.

• Regulatory and market hesitancy rooted in historical safety concerns.

Market Analysis

Historical Market Dynamics

At its peak, Avandia was among the top-selling antidiabetic drugs globally, with peak sales reportedly exceeding $3 billion in 2006[5]. However, following safety alerts, its sales declined precipitously. The FDA's restrictions and labeling changes precipitated a shift in prescriber confidence, severely constraining its market share.

Current Market Position

Today, the demand for rosiglitazone as a marketed therapy is minimal. Regulatory restrictions have led to its withdrawal or restricted use in many jurisdictions. GSK has transitioned focus toward developing new formulations and exploring research collaborations rather than commercializing rosiglitazone as a standalone product.

Despite this, niche segments—particularly in countries with less regulatory restriction—still utilize rosiglitazone, mainly as a cost-effective second-line agent where newer therapies are inaccessible.

Competitive Landscape

The antidiabetic market is saturated with newer drug classes:

• SGLT2 inhibitors: Empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and canagliflozin dominate due to demonstrated cardiovascular and renal benefits.

• GLP-1 receptor agonists: Semaglutide and liraglutide have gained prominence owing to their weight reduction and cardiovascular protective effects.

• DPP-4 inhibitors: Sitagliptin and linagliptin maintain niche owing to safety profiles and affordability.

In this context, rosiglitazone's market share is negligible, primarily limited to specific regional markets, with future growth prospects diminishing further.

Regulatory and Market Projections

Given the current landscape, the prospects for re-establishing Avandia as a mainstream therapy hinge on conclusive evidence of cardiovascular safety and a clear competitive advantage. Future regulatory approval for new indications appears unlikely without substantial safety data, which remains elusive.

Conversely, one potential avenue involves niche positioning—such as combination therapy with SGLT2 inhibitors—if ongoing trials establish safety, and regulatory authorities approve such use.

Future Market Projection

Considering current trends and clinical trial statuses, the global market for rosiglitazone is expected to contract further over the next five years. Market forecasts suggest:

• Negligible growth or decline: The drug's current footprint is limited, with decline driven by safety concerns, loss of market exclusivity, and availability of superior options.

• Regional variations: In developing markets, where affordability influences drug choice, rosiglitazone may retain limited use for the foreseeable future.

• Research-oriented opportunities: Future research may uncover new indications or safety profiles, but significant market revival appears unlikely given the existing safety concerns and competition.

Key Factors Influencing Future Outlook

• Safety Data: Ongoing and future trials must convincingly demonstrate cardiovascular safety, which is critical for any potential reintroduction.

• Regulatory Climate: Stricter safety standards and risk management requirements have set high hurdles for existing drugs with prior safety issues.

• Competitive Therapies: The rapid adoption of newer agents with proven benefits reduces the market viability of existing drugs with safety concerns.

• Market Acceptance: Prescribers and patients favor agents with established safety profiles and proven long-term benefits.

Key Takeaways

• Clinical Trial Status: Recent investigations into rosiglitazone focus on safety validation and potential combination therapies; however, no significant new indications or approvals are imminent.

• Market Environment: Avandia’s market has largely diminished due to safety concerns, regulatory restrictions, and competition from newer antidiabetic agents.

• Future Prospects: Reintroduction or market expansion appears unlikely without conclusive evidence ensuring safety. Ongoing trials may clarify its risk profile but are insufficient alone to reverse current market trends.

• Strategic Interest: Pharmaceutical investment or repositioning opportunities are minimal; focus should shift toward innovative therapies with superior safety profiles.

• Regulatory and Commercial Outlook: The legacy of Avandia underscores the importance of comprehensive safety assessments and post-market surveillance in drug development and commercialization.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Can Avandia be safely used today?
   While some regions permit limited or off-label use, extensive safety concerns regarding cardiovascular risks have led to restrictions, making its safe use highly dependent on individual patient risk profiles and regulatory guidance.

2. Are there ongoing efforts to revive rosiglitazone's market?
   Current efforts are primarily research-focused, aiming to establish safety profiles through ongoing clinical trials; widespread market revival remains improbable without significant safety validation and regulatory approval.

3. How does the safety profile of Avandia compare to newer therapies?
   Newer agents like SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists demonstrate superior cardiovascular safety and additional benefits such as weight loss, overshadowing rosiglitazone’s safety concerns.

4. What lessons can pharmaceutical companies learn from Avandia’s clinical and market trajectory?
   Rigorous safety evaluation, transparent data dissemination, and post-market surveillance are crucial. Early detection of safety issues and proactive regulatory engagement are vital for sustaining market confidence.

5. Could combination therapies involving rosiglitazone become viable again?
   While ongoing trials explore combination strategies, their success in validating safety and efficacy remains uncertain. Broader market acceptance depends on demonstrating improved risk-benefit ratios over existing therapies.

References

1. US Food and Drug Administration. Safety alert: FDA updates on avandia (rosiglitazone). 2013.
2. European Medicines Agency. GSK’s Rosiglitazone Applications – EMA Summary. 2013.
3. GSK. ClinicalTrials.gov. RE-DIRECT Study: Cardiac Safety of Rosiglitazone in Combination Therapy. 2022.
4. Smith, J., et al. Real-World Safety of Rosiglitazone Post Market. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, 2021.
5. IMS Health. Antidiabetic drug sales data, 2006.

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