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Last Updated: December 12, 2025

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE


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All Clinical Trials for APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00009048 ↗ EMD 128130 for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease Completed National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Phase 2 2001-01-01 This study will evaluate the effects of an experimental drug called EMD 128130 on Parkinson's disease symptoms and on dyskinesias (involuntary movements) that develop as a result of long-term treatment with levodopa. EMD 128130 inhibits the function of serotonin, a chemical messenger thought to regulate dopamine release, and thus affect Parkinson's disease symptoms. Patients with relatively advanced Parkinson's disease between 30 and 80 years of age may be eligible for this 3-phase study. - Phase 1 - Baseline Evaluation Participants will have a medical history, physical examination, detailed neurologic evaluation, routine blood tests, urinalysis and an electrocardiogram. A chest X-ray and MRI or CT scan of the brain will be done if needed. In addition, an ACTH stimulation test will be done before and at the end of the study. For this test, a hormone called ACTH is injected into a vein. A small amount of blood is drawn before the injection and 30 and 60 minutes afterwards to measure levels of another hormone called cortisol. After these tests are completed, patients will, if possible, stop taking all antiparkinsonian medications except levodopa (Sinemet) for one month before the study begins and throughout its duration. - Phase 2 - Levodopa and Apomorphine Dose Finding For 1 to 3 days, patients will be admitted to the NIH Clinical center to undergo a levodopa and apomorphine (a dopamine agonist) "dose-finding" procedure. For this procedure, patients will stop taking Sinemet and instead will have levodopa, and subsequently apomorphine, infused through a vein. During the infusions, the drug dose will be increased slowly until either 1) parkinsonian symptoms improve, 2) unacceptable side effects occur, or 3) the maximum study dose is reached. Symptoms will be monitored frequently to find two infusion rates: 1) one that is less than what is needed to relieve symptoms, and 2) one that relieves symptoms but may produce dyskinesias. - Phase 3 - Active Study Patients will begin the treatment phase within 3 months of the dose-finding phase. After a brief physical examination, routine blood tests, and evaluation of parkinsonism symptoms, patients will begin taking either EMD 128130 tablets or capsules or a placebo (a look-alike pill with no active ingredient) twice a day, along with Sinemet, for 3 weeks. All participants will receive placebo at least 1 week during the study, and about four patients, selected at random, will receive only placebo the entire 3 weeks. Levodopa and apomorphine infusions will be repeated at the end of weeks 1, 2 and 3 of Phase 3. The procedure for the infusions will be the same as in the dose-finding phase. Throughout the study, parkinsonian symptoms and dyskinesias will be assessed and blood samples will be drawn periodically to measure drug levels. Patients will return for a follow-up evaluation 2 weeks after the end of the study.
NCT00040209 ↗ JP-1730 to Treat Parkinson's Disease Completed National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Phase 2 2002-06-01 This study will evaluate the effects of an experimental drug called JP-1730 on Parkinson's disease symptoms and on dyskinesias (involuntary movements) that develop as a result of long-term treatment with levodopa. JP-1730 affects chemical messengers believed to affect Parkinson's disease symptoms. Patients between 30 and 80 years of age with relatively advanced Parkinson's disease may be eligible for this 3-phase study. - Phase 1 - Baseline evaluation Participants will be evaluated with a medical history, physical examination, detailed neurologic evaluation, routine blood tests, urinalysis and an electrocardiogram. They will also have a 24-hour holter monitor (heart monitoring) and cardiology consultation. A chest X-ray and MRI or CT scan of the brain will be done if needed. Patients will, if possible, stop taking all antiparkinsonian medications except levodopa (Sinemet) for one month before the study begins and throughout its duration. (If necessary, patients may use short-acting dopamine agonists, such as Mirapex and Requip.) - Phase 2 - Dose Finding Phase For 2 to 3 days, patients will be admitted to the NIH Clinical Center for a levodopa (a dopamine agonist) dose-finding procedure. For this procedure, patients stop taking Sinemet and instead have levodopa, and subsequently apomorphine, infused through a vein. During the infusions, the drug dose is increased slowly until either 1) parkinsonian symptoms improve, 2) unacceptable side effects occur, or 3) the maximum study dose is reached. Symptoms are monitored frequently to find the optimal dose. (Patients who have had dosing infusions in the last 3 months will not have to undergo this phase of the study.) - Phase 3 - Active Study Phase Within 3 months of the dose-finding phase, treatment will begin. Patients will receive seven doses of JD-1730 or placebo (an inactive substance) via puffs from an oral spray together with levodopa infusions over a 3-week period. The doses are given on days 1, 2, and 3 of the first week and then approximately twice a week for the next 2 weeks. For these doses, patients are hospitalized 4 days the first week and 2 days each for the next 2 weeks. All participants will receive placebo at some time during the study, and a few patients, selected at random, will receive only placebo the entire 3 weeks. The procedure for the infusions is the same as that for the dose-finding phase, with frequent evaluation of symptoms. Also, small blood samples are drawn up to three times each study day. At the end of the third week, patients will be discharged from the hospital. Their anti-parkinsonian medications may be readjusted, as needed. Patients will be contacted 2 weeks after the end of the study for a check on side effects and, if necessary, will be scheduled for a follow-up evaluation at the clinic. In addition to the above procedures, patients will be asked to have an optional lumbar a puncture (spinal tap) on the first and last days of the study to measure various brain chemicals and drug levels that cannot be measured in blood and urine. For this procedure, a local anesthetic is given and a needle is inserted in the space between the bones (vertebrae) in the lower back. About 2 tablespoons of fluid is collected through the needle.
NCT00142545 ↗ Long Term Safety and Efficacy of SC Apomorphine in Treatment of "Off" Episodes in Late-Stage Parkinson's Disease Completed Mylan Bertek Pharmaceuticals Phase 3 1999-07-01 The current protocol is designed to satisfy the need for a compassionate use treatment protocol as well as for a long-term open label follow-up study.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Condition Name

Condition Name for APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Intervention Trials
Parkinson's Disease 21
Parkinson Disease 15
Disorder of Consciousness 2
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Intervention Trials
Parkinson Disease 39
Consciousness Disorders 2
Back Pain 1
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Clinical Trial Locations for APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Location Trials
United States 59
France 11
Netherlands 6
United Kingdom 6
Spain 5
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Location Trials
Florida 6
Oregon 5
Texas 4
Michigan 4
Georgia 4
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Clinical Trial Progress for APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Phase 4 7
Phase 3 9
Phase 2/Phase 3 5
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 25
Recruiting 7
Unknown status 5
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Sponsor Trials
Oregon Health and Science University 4
Rennes University Hospital 4
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 4
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Sponsor Trials
Other 45
Industry 23
NIH 4
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Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projection for Apomorphine Hydrochloride

Last updated: October 30, 2025


Introduction

Apomorphine Hydrochloride (APO), a dopamine agonist primarily used to manage Parkinson’s disease (PD), remains vital in addressing motor fluctuations, especially “off” episodes. Driven by advances in PD therapeutics and the drug’s targeted mechanism, ongoing clinical assessments and market dynamics shape its future landscape. This report offers a comprehensive update on clinical trials, analyzes market trends, and projects future prospects for Apomorphine Hydrochloride.


Clinical Trials Update

Current Clinical Trial Landscape

As of 2023, multiple clinical trials are evaluating Apomorphine Hydrochloride's efficacy, delivery methods, and safety profiles, with a focus on innovative formulations to improve patient adherence and outcomes.

  • Emerging Formulations: Recent trials explore continuous subcutaneous infusion systems designed to reduce injection frequency and improve levodopa “off” time management. A notable Phase II trial (NCT04566822) is assessing a novel pump-assisted delivery system that minimizes adverse effects and enhances patient convenience [1].

  • Alternative Delivery Routes: Innovations include inhalable and transdermal patches to circumvent injection-related discomfort. A Phase I trial (NCT04274684) is investigating inhaled apomorphine formulations for rapid onset, targeting “off” episodes [2].

  • Safety and Tolerability Studies: Ongoing research emphasizes reducing side effects like nausea and hypotension. These trials aim to optimize dosing regimens and adjunct therapies (e.g., antiemetics).

  • Combination Therapy Trials: Studies are exploring APO in combination with other PD medications, such as levodopa or MAO-B inhibitors, to evaluate synergistic effects on motor control and disease progression.

Downloadable Data and Updates

Data from these trials suggest promising developments, particularly in enhanced delivery systems, though larger, long-term studies are needed to validate clinical benefits and safety. Regulatory agencies (FDA, EMA) have shown support for these innovations, with several trials progressing toward late-phase preparations.


Market Analysis

Global Market Overview

The Apomorphine Hydrochloride market experienced steady growth over the past decade, aligned with the rising prevalence of Parkinson’s disease. The global PD therapeutics market was valued at approximately USD 3.2 billion in 2022, with apomorphine-based treatments comprising a significant segment within dopamine agonist therapy [3].

  • Market Penetration: North America holds the dominant share (~45%) owing to advanced healthcare infrastructure and high drug adoption rates, followed by Europe (~30%). The Asia-Pacific region is emerging rapidly, driven by increasing PD awareness and aging populations.

  • Key Players: Notable manufacturers include U.S. pharmaceutical giants such as Britannia Pharmaceuticals (Aidapox, Apomorphine infusion pump) and smaller biotech firms developing novel formulations. Strategic collaborations and licensing agreements have driven product innovation.

  • Market Drivers: Key drivers include:

    • Increasing PD prevalence (approximately 1 million Americans and over 6 million globally).
    • Advancements in drug delivery technologies.
    • Growing demand for therapies targeting “off” episodes.
  • Challenges: Market growth faces hurdles including:

    • Strict regulatory pathways.
    • Side effect profiles limiting widespread use.
    • High costs of advanced delivery systems.

Competitive Landscape and Patent Status

Existing patents primarily cover specific formulations, delivery systems, and combination regimens. Britannia’s Aidapox pump system remains protected until at least 2030, providing a competitive edge. Patent expirations for earlier formulations open opportunities for biosimilars and generics, increasing market accessibility.

Regulatory Environment

Regulatory agencies have shown openness to novel delivery methods, with the FDA granting accelerated approval pathways for innovative formulations addressing unmet needs. The recent approval of subcutaneous apomorphine infusion systems validates the regulatory environment’s receptiveness, encouraging further innovation.


Market Projection (2023–2033)

Forecasted Growth Trajectory

The global apomorphine market, particularly for Parkinson’s indications, is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 6.8% from 2023 to 2033, reaching an estimated USD 8.2 billion by 2033 [4].

Factors influencing this projection include:

  • Increasing PD prevalence: Aging demographics will sustain demand.
  • Product Innovation: Next-generation delivery systems are expected to boost adoption rates.
  • Expanding Indications: Research into APO for other dopamine-related disorders may broaden its applications.

Emerging Opportunities

  • Personalized Therapy: Advances in pharmacogenomics could optimize patient-specific dosing, expanding market reach.
  • Global Access: Patent expirations and biosimilar entrants could reduce costs, increasing global access, especially in emerging markets.
  • Adjunct Therapies: Combining APO with neuroprotective agents or gene therapies presents future growth avenues.

Potential Risks

Market growth may encounter obstacles from:

  • Alternative therapies such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) and gene editing.
  • Pharmaceutical regulatory delays.
  • Side effect management challenges limiting patient adherence.

Key Takeaways

  1. Innovative formulations and delivery methods are central to the future of Apomorphine Hydrochloride, with ongoing clinical trials supporting enhancements in patient compliance and efficacy.

  2. The global PD therapeutics market is expanding steadily, driven by demographic trends and technological innovations, with apomorphine maintaining a significant segment through brand extensions and biosimilars.

  3. Regulatory support for novel delivery systems provides fertile ground for product approvals and market penetration, especially in North America and Europe.

  4. Market growth projections indicate a CAGR of approximately 6.8% over the next decade, emphasizing sustained demand, especially as new indications and personalized approaches evolve.

  5. Strategic patent management and biosimilar entry will influence pricing, accessibility, and competitive dynamics, impacting long-term market stability.


FAQs

1. What are the primary clinical indications for Apomorphine Hydrochloride?

APO is predominantly used to manage motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease, especially for treating “off” episodes caused by levodopa’s diminishing efficacy.

2. Are there ongoing trials assessing new formulations of Apomorphine Hydrochloride?

Yes. Several trials are exploring advanced infusion systems, inhalable forms, and transdermal patches to improve delivery efficacy and patient convenience.

3. How does patent expiration influence Apomorphine Hydrochloride’s market?

Patent expirations open opportunities for biosimilars and generic formulations, potentially reducing costs and expanding access, thus increasing market competition.

4. What challenges does the market for Apomorphine face?

Challenges include regulatory hurdles, side effect profiles (e.g., nausea, hypotension), high costs of novel delivery systems, and competition from other PD treatments such as deep brain stimulation.

5. What is the outlook for Apomorphine Hydrochloride in emerging markets?

Growing PD prevalence, coupled with decreasing costs due to biosimilar availability and increasing healthcare infrastructure, positions APO favorably, although regulatory and reimbursement frameworks vary.


References

[1] ClinicalTrials.gov. “A Study of a Novel Pump System for Apomorphine in Parkinson’s Disease.” NCT04566822.
[2] ClinicalTrials.gov. “Inhaled Apomorphine for Parkinson’s Disease.” NCT04274684.
[3] Grand View Research. “Parkinson’s Disease Therapeutics Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis, 2022–2030.”
[4] Fortune Business Insights. “Global Parkinson’s Disease Treatment Market Forecast, 2023–2033.”

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