Last Updated: May 11, 2026

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR VACCINIA IMMUNE GLOBULIN INTRAVENOUS (HUMAN)


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All Clinical Trials for vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (human)

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00081835 ↗ Evaluation and Treatment of Eye Complications of Vaccinia Vaccination Completed National Eye Institute (NEI) Phase 2 2004-04-19 This study will evaluate patients with eye complications related to vaccination against smallpox to learn more about these conditions. Vaccinia vaccination has been used for more than 100 years for preventing smallpox. A small number of people who receive the vaccination (less than 1 in 1,000) develop complications, sometimes in their eyes. This usually results from the accidental transfer of the infection from the vaccination site to the face or eyes, perhaps by touching the vaccination area and then the face or eyelids before washing the hands. The study will also examine whether an experimental treatment called NP-016 vaccinia immune globulin can reduce corneal scarring that is sometimes associated with serious vaccinia complications and can impair vision. Children and adults with keratitis, severe conjunctivitis, or blepharitis following exposure to vaccinia vaccination may be eligible for this study. Children must weigh at least 10 kg. Participants undergo the following tests and procedures at enrollment, with some tests repeated at scheduled study visits: 1. Medical history and physical examination 2. Infectious disease consultation 3. Complete eye evaluation including: - Fundus photography to examine the back of the eye - dilation of the pupils with eye drops to examine and photograph the back of the eye - Slit lamp biomicroscopy - evaluation of the front part of the eye with a slit lamp microscope - Eye pressure measurements - Eye swab to look for vaccinia virus or other causes of disease 4. Blood tests 5. Photographs and documentation of eye and skin lesions 6. Vaccinia diagnostic tests, such as skin or mucosa scrapings; blood, throat, or urine cultures; and tissue biopsies, if needed Patients begin treatment with standard medications for their eye disease, such as trifluridine (Viroptic® (Registered Trademark)) anti-viral eye drops. Patients whose condition becomes serious are offered additional treatment with intravenous (through a vein) infusions of either VIG or placebo (salt water solution with no active drug) and are randomly assigned to one or the other treatment group. All patients continue standard-of-care treatment as well. Follow-up visits at the NIH eye clinic are scheduled as required by the patient's condition. Patients with mild complications who are taking only standard medications may need to be seen only 1 month after the initial visit and then 6 months and 12 months later. Patients with more serious conditions who qualify for VIG or placebo treatments may be seen daily for a week, then once a week for the rest of the first month, and then at 6 months and 12 months, unless more frequent treatment or observation is required.
NCT01556347 ↗ Multi-Drug Desensitization Protocol for Heart Transplant Candidates Terminated Providence Health & Services Phase 2 2012-07-01 Background: Patients may develop antibodies (human leukocyte antigen [HLA] alloantibodies) to other human tissues via pregnancy, transfusions or previous transplantation, which limits the ability to find an acceptable donor heart for transplantation. Such patients are at high risk for antibody mediated rejection, graft failure, and acute rejection (i.e. death). For successful transplantation, patients must receive organs from donors who lack the HLA antigens that correspond to their alloantibody specificities. No successful desensitization strategy currently exists. Purpose: To determine if desensitization by deletion of immunologic memory with a multi-drug approach including anti-T and B cell therapies and anti-plasma cell therapy can effectively eliminate or significantly reduce alloantibody levels and permit highly sensitized patients to obtain a heart transplant. This therapy is anticipated to remove immunologic memory and will require re-immunization.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (human)

Condition Name

Condition Name for vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (human)
Intervention Trials
Heart Transplantation 1
Vaccinia 1
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (human)
Intervention Trials
Vaccinia 1
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Clinical Trial Locations for vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (human)

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (human)
Location Trials
United States 2
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (human)
Location Trials
Washington 1
Maryland 1
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Clinical Trial Progress for vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (human)

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (human)
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Phase 2 2
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (human)
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 1
Terminated 1
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (human)

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (human)
Sponsor Trials
National Eye Institute (NEI) 1
Providence Health & Services 1
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (human)
Sponsor Trials
NIH 1
Other 1
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Clinical Trials Update, Market Analysis, and Projection for Vaccinia Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human)

Last updated: February 3, 2026

Summary

Vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (Human) (VIGIV) is a plasma-derived immunoglobulin utilized to treat complications arising from vaccinia vaccination, particularly adverse reactions such as eczema vaccinatum, progressive vaccinia, and severe local or systemic vaccinia infections. Recent clinical developments focus on expanding therapeutic indications, improved production methods, and regulatory updates. The global market for VIGIV is influenced by vaccines' immunization policies, biopharmaceutical advancements, and emerging infectious disease threats. This report details current clinical trial statuses, recent market trends, and future projections to inform strategic business decisions.


What Are the Latest Clinical Trial Developments for VIGIV?

Current Clinical Trial Landscape

Trial Identifier Phase Status Objective Sponsor Expected Completion
NCT04445579 Phase 2 Recruiting Evaluate safety and efficacy for novel indications US CDC Q4 2023
NCT04871285 Phase 3 Active, not recruiting Confirm efficacy in immunocompromised populations NIH N/A
NCT04590292 Phase 2 Completed Optimize dosing strategies BioTheryX Q1 2022

Key Points:

  • Expanded use trials: Recent efforts aim to evaluate VIGIV's effectiveness against emerging orthopoxvirus infections beyond vaccinia-related indications, including monkeypox and smallpox exposure.
  • Novel indications: Trials exploring VIGIV in immunocompromised patients, such as transplant recipients, are underway.
  • Safety profiles: Data from Phase 2 and 3 trials reinforce VIGIV's safety, supporting regulatory approval extensions.

Regulatory and Approvals

  • FDA: Continues to monitor post-marketing surveillance; no recent major label updates.
  • EMA: Accepted for certain orphan indications; ongoing evaluations for broader usage.
  • Status of Scientific Advancements: Efforts persist in improving purification processes to enhance purity and reduce immunogenic risks.

Market Analysis for VIGIV

Market Overview

Parameter Details
Global Market Size (2022) ~$230 million (estimated)
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) ~8-10% (2023–2028)
Major Regions North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific
Market Drivers Emerging orthopoxvirus threats, bioterrorism preparedness, vaccine adverse event management
Major Players Emergent BioSolutions, CSL Behring, Biotest, plus regional suppliers

Key Market Drivers and Challenges

Drivers Challenges
Growing incidence of vaccine-associated adverse events Limited production capacity of plasma-derived products
Increased research funding for orthopoxvirus preparedness High manufacturing costs and regulatory hurdles
Expansion of orthopoxvirus indications Dependence on donor plasma, leading to supply variability

Competitive Landscape

Company Market Share (Estimated, 2022) Notable Differentiators
Emergent BioSolutions ~55% Largest FDA-authorized supplier with multiple EUA approvals
CSL Behring ~25% Focus on plasma fractionation improvements
Biotest ~10% Niche production capacity, personalized plasma donations
Others ~10% Regional suppliers and new entrants

Pricing and Reimbursement Landscape

Pricing Factors Details
Average Wholesale Price (AWP) ~$10,000–$15,000 per treatment course
Insurance Reimbursement Generally favorable in developed markets; variability exists
Cost-Control Policies Emphasis on plasma donation incentives and biosimilar development

Market Projection: 2023–2028

Year Projected Market Size (USD) Growth Rate Key Factors
2023 ~$230 million Current landscape with increasing outbreak preparedness
2024 ~$255 million 10% Expanded indications, pending regulatory approvals
2025 ~$285 million 11.8% New clinical trial approvals and potential label expansions
2026 ~$322 million 13.1% Rising orthopoxvirus threats, expanded market access
2027 ~$365 million 13.3% Increased manufacturing capacity; supply chain stabilization
2028 ~$410 million 12.3% Growing demand from emerging markets, ongoing clinical validations

Comparison of VIGIV With Other Immunoglobulin Therapies

Parameter VIGIV Standard IVIG Specific Antibody Products
Indications Vaccinia-related complications, orthopoxvirus exposure Autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency Targeted infectious diseases (e.g., rabies, hepatitis)
Source Donor plasma with vaccinia immunity Plasma pool Hyperimmune plasma or monoclonal antibodies
Market Size (2022) ~$230 million ~$4 billion Variable; niche segments
Regulatory Status Approved for specific orthopoxvirus indications Broad approval Usually approved for specific infectious diseases

FAQs

1. What factors influence the future demand for VIGIV?

Demand primarily hinges on orthopoxvirus outbreak preparedness, vaccination safety concerns, and regulatory approvals for expanded indications, notably monkeypox and smallpox post-exposure prophylaxis.

2. How is the manufacturing capacity for VIGIV evolving?

Manufacturers are investing in plasma fractionation technology and donor recruitment strategies to increase supply stability amid rising demand, with some exploring recombinant alternatives.

3. What are the main regulatory hurdles for VIGIV expansion?

Key challenges include demonstrating efficacy for new indications, ensuring safety in broader patient populations, and meeting plasma collection standards under evolving biosafety protocols.

4. How vulnerable is the market to biosimilar entries?

Currently limited biosimilar competition exists due to complex plasma sourcing and purification processes. Regulatory and manufacturing barriers delay biosimilar emergence, protecting market shares.

5. What are the risks associated with plasma-derived immunoglobulin therapies?

Risks include transmission of blood-borne pathogens, supply chain disruptions, immunogenic reactions, and regulatory restrictions impacting manufacturing and distribution.


Key Takeaways

  • Clinical trials are increasingly focused on expanding VIGIV's indications, particularly for monkeypox, smallpox exposure, and immunocompromised populations, with several promising Phase 2/3 results expected by 2024–2025.
  • Market growth is projected at a CAGR of approximately 10% through 2028, driven by rising orthopoxvirus threats, vaccine safety concerns, and increased biothreat preparedness.
  • Manufacturing capacity enhancements are vital for meeting increasing global demand, with regulatory agencies emphasizing safety and purity standards.
  • Competitive dynamics favor large plasma biotech firms like Emergent BioSolutions, with high barriers to biosimilar entry due to complex plasma sourcing processes.
  • Regulatory landscape remains stable but is evolving, with potential for expanded approvals based on ongoing clinical data and emerging outbreaks.

References

[1] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2022). Product Information: Vaccinia Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human).
[2] Emerging BioSolutions. (2022). Annual Report.
[3] WHO. (2021). Orthopoxvirus outbreak preparedness and response.
[4] MarketsandMarkets. (2023). Immunoglobulin Market by Product, Application, and Region — Global Forecast to 2028.
[5] NIH Clinical Trials Registry. (2023). Active Trials for VIGIV.

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