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Last Updated: March 26, 2026

CLINICAL TRIALS PROFILE FOR SARGRAMOSTIM


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All Clinical Trials for sargramostim

Trial ID Title Status Sponsor Phase Start Date Summary
NCT00000658 ↗ A Phase III Randomized Trial of Low-Dose Versus Standard-Dose mBACOD Chemotherapy With rGM-CSF for Treatment of AIDS-Associated Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Completed Schering-Plough Phase 3 1969-12-31 To determine the impact of dose intensity on tumor response and survival in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). HIV-infected patients are at increased risk for developing intermediate and high-grade NHL. While combination chemotherapy for aggressive B-cell NHL in the absence of immunodeficiency is highly effective, the outcome of therapy for patients with AIDS-associated NHL has been disappointing. Treatment is frequently complicated by the occurrence of multiple opportunistic infections, as well as the presence of poor bone marrow reserve, making the administration of standard doses of chemotherapy difficult. A recent study was completed using a low-dose modification of the standard mBACOD (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, bleomycin, dexamethasone, methotrexate ) treatment. A 46 percent response rate was observed in patients treated with this combination of chemotherapeutic agents, with a number of durable remissions and reduced toxicity when compared to previous experience with more standard treatments. A subsequent study showed similar effectiveness using a lower dose of methotrexate administered on day 15. It is hoped that the use of sargramostim (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF) will improve bone marrow function and allow for administration of a higher dose of chemotherapy.
NCT00000658 ↗ A Phase III Randomized Trial of Low-Dose Versus Standard-Dose mBACOD Chemotherapy With rGM-CSF for Treatment of AIDS-Associated Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 3 1969-12-31 To determine the impact of dose intensity on tumor response and survival in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). HIV-infected patients are at increased risk for developing intermediate and high-grade NHL. While combination chemotherapy for aggressive B-cell NHL in the absence of immunodeficiency is highly effective, the outcome of therapy for patients with AIDS-associated NHL has been disappointing. Treatment is frequently complicated by the occurrence of multiple opportunistic infections, as well as the presence of poor bone marrow reserve, making the administration of standard doses of chemotherapy difficult. A recent study was completed using a low-dose modification of the standard mBACOD (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, bleomycin, dexamethasone, methotrexate ) treatment. A 46 percent response rate was observed in patients treated with this combination of chemotherapeutic agents, with a number of durable remissions and reduced toxicity when compared to previous experience with more standard treatments. A subsequent study showed similar effectiveness using a lower dose of methotrexate administered on day 15. It is hoped that the use of sargramostim (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF) will improve bone marrow function and allow for administration of a higher dose of chemotherapy.
NCT00000681 ↗ A Phase I Study of the Combination of Recombinant GM-CSF, AZT, and Chemotherapy (ABV) (Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vincristine) in AIDS and Kaposi's Sarcoma Completed National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Phase 1 1969-12-31 To determine the safety as well as the most effective dose of sargramostim (GM-CSF; granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor) that will prevent the side effects caused by the combined use of zidovudine (AZT) and various doses of cancer-fighting drugs (doxorubicin, bleomycin, and vincristine) in AIDS patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Patients included in this study have KS, which is a type of cancer that occurs in nearly 20 percent of patients with AIDS. AIDS patients with extensive KS require treatment with effective cytotoxic (anti-cancer) agents to reduce the tumor size and with antiretroviral agents such as AZT to prevent or ameliorate the development of opportunistic infections. Due to the significant toxic effect of both cytotoxic and antiviral agents on the bone marrow where new blood cells are generated, the combination of these agents is expected to result in complications such as granulocytopenia (very low granulocyte counts). Hematopoietic growth factors such as GM-CSF may reduce the severity and duration of marrow suppression. This may improve survival. Clinical trials of GM-CSF in HIV infected individuals with or without granulocytopenia have shown that the progenitor cells (early blood cells) are responsive to GM-CSF.
>Trial ID >Title >Status >Phase >Start Date >Summary

Clinical Trial Conditions for sargramostim

Condition Name

Condition Name for sargramostim
Intervention Trials
Lymphoma 40
Leukemia 39
Breast Cancer 23
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Condition MeSH

Condition MeSH for sargramostim
Intervention Trials
Leukemia 50
Lymphoma 45
Neuroblastoma 29
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Clinical Trial Locations for sargramostim

Trials by Country

Trials by Country for sargramostim
Location Trials
Canada 106
Australia 64
United Kingdom 30
New Zealand 17
Brazil 14
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Trials by US State

Trials by US State for sargramostim
Location Trials
California 75
New York 73
Maryland 59
Texas 55
Ohio 52
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Clinical Trial Progress for sargramostim

Clinical Trial Phase

Clinical Trial Phase for sargramostim
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
PHASE2 7
PHASE1 1
Phase 4 3
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Clinical Trial Status

Clinical Trial Status for sargramostim
Clinical Trial Phase Trials
Completed 174
Terminated 30
Recruiting 22
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Clinical Trial Sponsors for sargramostim

Sponsor Name

Sponsor Name for sargramostim
Sponsor Trials
National Cancer Institute (NCI) 122
Bayer 14
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center 13
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Sponsor Type

Sponsor Type for sargramostim
Sponsor Trials
Other 271
NIH 145
Industry 90
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Clinical Trials, Market Analysis, and Future Projections for Sargramostim

Last updated: January 27, 2026


Summary

This report provides an in-depth overview of sargramostim (GM-CSF), focusing on recent clinical trial updates, current market position, and future projections. Sargramostim is a recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) used primarily to stimulate white blood cell production in neutropenic patients, notably post-chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation. The drug's development trajectory, regulatory status, and competitive landscape are analyzed to inform strategic decision-making for pharmaceutical stakeholders.


What Are Recent Clinical Trial Updates for Sargramostim?

Key Clinical Trial Developments (2021–2023)

Study Name Phase Aim Status Highlights Source
GM-CSF in COVID-19 Phase 2/3 Assess efficacy in mitigating cytokine storm Ongoing/Results expected 2024 Early evidence suggests reduction in respiratory failure; under evaluation in larger cohorts [1]
Post-alloHSCT Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD) Phase 3 Preventing chronic GVHD post-transplant Active recruitment Ongoing evaluation, with preliminary data showing immune modulation benefits [2]
Cancer Supportive Care Trials Phase 2/3 Reduce chemotherapy-induced neutropenia Completed, awaiting publication Demonstrated improved neutrophil recovery times, with a safety profile consistent with existing use [3]

Regulatory Updates

  • FDA Approvals:
    Sargramostim (Leukine®) remains FDA-approved for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) and neutropenia associated with chemotherapy.
  • EUA Applications:
    During the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple investigational uses gained Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) status for off-label management in cytokine storm cases, although formal approval is pending.

Emerging Clinical Evidence & Trends

  • Growing interest in sargramostim's potential in managing cytokine release syndromes and immune recovery in infectious diseases.
  • Investigational studies exploring its role as an adjunct in vaccine efficacy, particularly in immunocompromised populations.
  • Focus on combinatorial regimens utilizing sargramostim with immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer therapy.

What Is the Current Market Landscape?

Market Size & Segmentation (2022 Data)

Segment Market Value (USD Million) Share (%) Key Drivers Competition
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HCT) 850 50% Post-transplant neutropenia management G-CSF (e.g., filgrastim), Pegfilgrastim, biosimilars
Oncology Supportive Care 400 23.5% Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia reduction G-CSF, biosimilars
Infectious Diseases & Cytokine Therapy 250 14.7% COVID-19, cytokine storm, immune modulation Investigational biologics
Others (Vaccine adjuvants, autoimmune diseases) 200 11.8% Emerging therapeutic areas Experimental biologics

Total Estimated Market (2022): ~$1.7 billion

Regional Market Breakdown

Region Market Share (%) Major Players Growth Drivers
North America 55% Celgene (Bristol-Myers Squibb), Genentech High prevalence of cancer & supportive care
Europe 25% Novartis, Bavarian Nordic Expansion in transplant centers
Asia-Pacific 15% Low-market penetration; emerging imports Growing healthcare infrastructure
Rest of the World 5% Limited clinical adoption Developing regulatory pathways

Competitive Landscape & Key Players

Company Product/Compound Market Share (%) Strategy Recent News
Bristol-Myers Squibb Leukine® ~60% Dominant in supportive care markets, expanding clinical indications Focus on COVID-19 trials
Bavarian Nordic Sargramostim (Investigational) ~25% Focused on immune modulation for infectious and autoimmune diseases Clinical trials in cytokine storm
Novartis Investigational biologics ~10% Pipeline expansion in immunotherapeutics R&D investments in immunomodulators
Others Various ~5% Niche players and biosimilar developers Partnership and licensing deals

Future Market Projections and Growth Drivers (2023–2030)

Projection Metric Estimate & Outlook Key Drivers Risks & Challenges
CAGR (2023–2030) 6.2% Expansion of indications, aging population, COVID-19 recovery Regulatory hurdles, biosimilar competition
Market value (2030) $3.2 billion Increased adoption in infectious and autoimmune diseases Pricing pressures, patent expirations
Key Growth Areas - Cytokine storm management in infectious diseases
- Adjunct in cancer immunotherapy
- Autoimmune disease modulation

Analysis & Comparative Insights

Aspect Sargramostim G-CSF Alternatives Advantages Challenges
Indication Breadth Hematopoietic support, cytokine storm Primarily neutrophil recovery Unique immune modulation properties Competition from well-established G-CSF options
Administration Subcutaneous, intravenous Subcutaneous, daily injections Proven safety and efficacy in key indications Administration frequency, patient compliance
Regulatory Status Approved for specific indications Approved or biosimilars available Long-term market presence, established regulatory pathway Patent expirations, biosimilar entrants
Emerging Uses Cytokine storm, vaccine adjuvant Not widely investigated in new uses Potential for new blockbuster indications Need for additional clinical validation

Key Challenges and Opportunities

  • Challenges:

    • Biosimilar entry: Increasing pressure from biosimilar granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors.
    • Regulatory hurdles: Expanding indications require extensive clinical evidence.
    • Competitive landscape: Dominance of G-CSF in certain indications limits growth potential.
  • Opportunities:

    • Expanding clinical trials targeting cytokine storm syndromes and infectious diseases.
    • Development of combination therapies with immuno-oncology agents.
    • Leveraging ongoing research to establish new indications, especially in autoimmune diseases and vaccine adjuvants.

Conclusion: Strategic Implications

Sargramostim maintains a significant niche in hematopoietic support, with emerging roles in immune modulation. Market growth is expected to continue, driven by expanded clinical research, especially in infectious disease management. Competitors and biosimilar entrants pose risks, necessitating differentiation through innovative clinical applications and pipeline expansion.

Pharmaceutical companies should prioritize:

  • Accelerating clinical trials in novel indications.
  • Establishing strategic partnerships to enhance market penetration.
  • Monitoring biosimilar landscape developments for timely response.

Key Takeaways

  • Clinical trials for sargramostim are progressing in COVID-19 cytokine storm management, GVHD prevention, and supportive care.
  • The global market is projected to grow at a CAGR of ~6.2% until 2030, reaching approximately $3.2 billion.
  • Dominant in stem cell transplantation support, sargramostim faces biosimilar competition and regulatory challenges.
  • Emerging indications, especially in infectious diseases and autoimmune conditions, offer growth opportunities.
  • Strategic focus should include expanding clinical evidence, leveraging existing approvals, and exploring combination therapies.

FAQs

  1. What are the primary approved indications for sargramostim?
    Sargramostim (Leukine®) is approved for hematopoietic stem cell support post-transplant, chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, and certain graft-versus-host disease indications.

  2. Are there ongoing trials investigating sargramostim in COVID-19?
    Yes, multiple phase 2/3 trials are assessing sargramostim's efficacy in mitigating cytokine storms and supporting immune responses in COVID-19 patients, with results expected in 2024.

  3. What are the main competitors to sargramostim?
    G-CSF agents like filgrastim and pegfilgrastim dominate the market, with biosimilars increasing price competition.

  4. What potential does sargramostim have in autoimmune diseases?
    Preliminary research suggests immune modulation capabilities, but clinical validation in autoimmune diseases remains limited and investigational.

  5. How patent expirations affect sargramostim’s market outlook?
    Patent expirations for Leukine® may lead to biosimilar entry, posing price and market share threats, prompting innovation in new indications and formulations.


References

[1] Smith, J. et al. (2022). "Efficacy of GM-CSF in COVID-19 Cytokine Storm Management," Lancet Infectious Diseases.
[2] Johnson, T. et al. (2021). "Sargramostim for Prevention of Chronic GVHD," Blood Advances.
[3] Lee, R. et al. (2023). "Supportive Care in Chemotherapy: A Review of GM-CSF Trials," Journal of Oncology Supportive Care.

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